1. Simulation Based on Law & Kelton, Simulation Modeling & Analysis, McGraw-Hill

2. Why Simulation? Test design when cannot analyze –System too complex –Can analyze only for certain cases (Poisson arrivals, very large N, etc.) Verify analysis Fast production of results

3. Simulation types Static vs. dynamic Deterministic vs. stochastic Continuous vs. discrete –Simulation model  system model

4. Discrete Event System Discrete system –The system state can change only in a countable number of points in time! –Event = an instantaneous change in state. Example: a queueing system –System state: Number of customer –At each time number of customer can only change by an integer

5. Continuous Simulation Simulating the flight of a rocket in the air –System state: rocket position and weight –State changes continuously in time (according to a partial differential equation)

6. Components of a discrete-event simulation model System state: the collection of state variables necessary to describe the system at a particular time. Simulation clock: a variable giving the current value of simulated time Event list: a list containing the next time when each type of event will occur. Statistical counters: variables used for storing statistical information about system performance –How many moments?

7. Components of a discrete-event simulation model (2) Initialization routine: a subprogram to initialize the simulation model at time 0. Timing routine: a subprogram that determines the next event from the event list and then advances the simulation clock to the time when the event is to occur. Event routine: A subprogram that updates the system state when a particular type of event occurs (one routine per event).

8. Components of a discrete-event simulation model (3) Library routine: A set of subprograms used to generate random observations from probability distributions that were determined as part of the simulation model. Report generator: A subprogram that computes estimates (from the statistical counter) of the desired performance measures when simulation ends.

9. Components of a discrete-event simulation model (4) Main program: a subprogram that invokes the timing routine to determine the next event and then transfers control to the corresponding event routine to update the system state. May also check for termination and invoke the report generator.

10. Flow control Init Determine next event Event 1Event n Done? report no

11. Example a single server queuing system System to be simulated –A i Interarrival times are I.I.D. –S i Service time are I.I.D. –FIFO service –Work preserving Initial state –Empty and idle –First arrival after A i time units from time 0 Termination after n customers left queue.

12. Performance measures d(n) = expected average delay in queue. –Customer point of view q(n) = expected time-average number of customers in queue. –System point of view –Note: average over time which is continuous!! u(n) = proportion of time server is busy

13. No. of customers in queue. 0 1 2 3 4 t Q(t)

14. No. of customers in queue. 0 1 2 3 4 t Q(t)

15. Performance measures (2) Averages are not always enough. Register max/min values. Register the entire “pdf” –histograms

16. Initialization Set simulation time to 0. Set initial state: –Server idle –Queue empty –Last event time Init event list –Generate 1st arrival Zero stat counters –Total delay and number delayed –Area under Q(t) and B(t).

17. 1 st Event: customer arrival After init finished the arrival event is selected and time is advanced to this event Change server from idle to busy Add 0 to total delay, increment No of delayed. Generate two events: –This customer departure –Next arrival (generate as you go) Add 0 to the area under Q(t). Add 0 to the area under B(t).

18. 2 nd Event: customer arrival Arrival event is selected and time is advanced to this event Server busy => put customer in queue with arrival time Set “No. in queue” to 1. Generate next-arrival events (don’t mess with dep.) Add 0 to the area under Q(t). Add (t 2 -t 1 ) to the area under B(t).

19. Remarks While handling an event time is standing But, order of operation is still important: –First update area under Q(t) then update “No. in queue” Two events at the same time –Order may change simulation result!

20. Determining Events In complex systems events sequence may not be trivial. Use of event graph to aim us is designing the events

21. Event Graph States are bulbs, connected with arrows Bold arrow: event may occur after nonzero time. Thin arrow: event may occur immediately. arrival depar- ture

22. Alternative Event Graph This design is correct as well! One more event => more complexity Simplification rule: –If an event node has incoming arcs that are all thin and smooth, it can be eliminated. A strongly connected component that has no incoming arcs from other nodes must be initialized. arrival Enter service depar- ture

23. Take care GIGO = garbage in garbage out –Realistic scenarios (arrival process, service time) –Full cover of system behavior Statistical confidence What to model –Not enough details => hurts accuracy –Too many details => slows simulation Attempt to verify correctness –Simulate cases you can analyze

24. Random Generator Make sure you can regenerate your random sequence, or debugging is hell. For long simulations, use 32 bit pseudo random generator. 16 bit is too short!

25. Statistical Confidence Better a few short runs than one long one. However, make sure run time is long enough to make end conditions negligible. Given a set of IID random variables we can calculate the confidence interval.

26. Confidence Interval X 1, X 2, …X n are IID random variables with finite mean  and finite variance  2 >0. By central limit theorem F n (z)  (z) (the std. Normal r.v.) For sufficiently large n, approx. 100(1-  ) percent confidence interval for  is given by F n (z)=P(Z n  z) is Dist. Func. of Z n

27. -5-3035 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Area: 1- 

28. Confidence Interval for Small n For small number of observations, we need to correct the coefficient of the interval width The smaller n the larger t n-1,1-  /2 is. t n-1,1-  /2 is taken from a table.

29. Confidence Interval In general all plots has to have a confidence interval on every mark Exception: high confidence (mark size)

30. A good pseudo random generator float myrand() { b32 = (314159269*b32 + 453860245); if (b32<0) b32 = -b32; return(0.00000000046566128730 * b32); }

31. Generating Non-Uniform Distributions F(x), the PDF, of any distribution is a function to [0,1], => use the inverse transform –Generate U~U(0,1) –Return X=F -1 (U) P(X  x) = P(F -1 (U)  x)=P(U  F(x))=F(x) Since U is U(0,1) and 0  F(x)  1, P(U  y) = y

32. Generating the Exponential distribution Note we can use -  ln(u).

33. 020406080100120140160180200 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

34. Simulating complex systems Systems often have many identical components –A queueing system with multiple queues –A switch with multiple ports running a distributed algorithm Must keep state for each component –Array of structures in C, –multiple instances of the basic object (C++) Keep the connectivity (when applicable)

35. Wet Exercise No. 1 Assume a 100MHz output port. The port is fed from four input ports each with its own queue. For this exercise we neglect all other traffic. Packets arrive at the input ports with inter packet space that is Exponentially distributed with parameter  (such that the total load is 20:20:120 percent). Packet length is distributed according to Internet mix. Scheduling between Qs: smooth deficit round robin, quota=3000. Every 250mS we send two back-to-back packets to measure the link capacity e.g., according to the method in http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fac/Constantinos.Dovrolis/Papers/ton_dispersion.pdf Run each simulation for 25 Sec. Hand-ins: –Code transcript –Histogram of the one-way inter packet delay for the packet pairs. –Plot a graph of the capacity estimation as a function of the load and measurement packet size (use 3-5 sizes).

36. Remarks Code has to work anywhere (not just at home), especially in TAU. Make it portable. Oral exams through the semester. Send code to shavitt@eng.tau.ac.il –Specify development env. (Unix/Visual C/..) –One tar/zip file with makefile etc. –Header: “EX1 PCN: stu-name”