1. Genes Can Cause Disease: Sickle Cell Disease http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/genes/images/1-3-5-1-4-2-1-3-1-0-0.jpg

2. The change of a single base-pair causes one change in the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin molecule http://www.wasdarwinright.com/images/sickle%20cell%20DNA.gif

3. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/hemoglobin.gif Normal vs. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BRCA_Genes- location_of_BRCA1_and_BRCA2_on_chromosomes_13_and_17.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BRCA_Genes- location_of_BRCA1_and_BRCA2_on_chromosomes_13_and_17.gif from http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/cioc/survival/49.1.htm Genes can Increase the Risk of Disease: BRCA Genes and Cancer

5. Type of Cancer General Population That Will Develop Disease Women With BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation Who Will Develop Disease Breast13.2%36-85% Ovarian1.7% 16-60% Source: National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov) BRCA2 is also associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, male breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. BRCA genes and increased cancer risk

6. Malnutrition and Disease http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/nut/images/malnutrition_chart.gif

7. In the US, Overnutrition is More Prevalent

8. http://www.wirednewyork.com/hotels/marriott_marquis/images/marriott_marquis_elevators.jpg

9. http://www.gkivdo.com/gkii/wire_3.jpg Elevator cable for passenger elevators has a safety factor of about 11

10. Biological Safety Factors (ratio of capacity to load) Human Pancreas (enzyme secretion) –About 10 Human Kidney (plasma filtration) –About 4 Human Mammary Gland (milk production) –About 3 Mammalian Lungs (aerobic capacity) –About 1.25 - 2 From: Jared Diamond “Quantitative Evolutionary Design’ J. Physiol 2002, 542: 337-345

11. http://www.biologymad.com/Immunology/inflammation.jpg Inflammation

12. http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/02/Graphics/figure01.gif

13. Cilia on the respiratory epithelium

14. Scarring http://www.shands.org/health/graphics/images/en/10296.jpg

15. http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/mystro157/year/arnold3.jpg

16. How Cells Die Necrosis vs. Apoptosis http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/image01.gif

17. Developing human hand before web apoptosis http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/img/day48-hand.gif

18. Developing hand after web apoptosis http://www.grg.org/breakingnews2001.htm

19. Ischemic Stroke http://strokecenter.stanford.edu/guide/images/thrombotic.jpg

20. Modified from: http://www.chrononhotonthologos.com/inactive/strokedr/hbothera.htm.. Area of necrotic (dead) tissue Cells in the surrounding area are commonly irreversibly damaged. Cells in this region often undergo apoptosis in the hours after the stroke. Damage Control Apoptosis of Irreversible Injured Cells

21. http://www.easterncarolinaent.com/Allergy-Triggers-copy.jpg Common Allergens

22. http://www.euromeds.co.uk/allergy-treatment-information.htm Allergen binds to IgE, which links to mast cells, triggering release of histamine.

23. http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancergrowth.gif The Development of Cancer

24. http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html

26. http://www.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/butterfly_rash.jpg

27. http://www.naturosante.ch/B.L.-lupus-evolution-1.jpg