1. 1 Set Theory

2. Notation S={a, b, c} refers to the set whose elements are a, b and c. a  S means “a is an element of set S”. d  S means “d is not an element of set S”. {x  S | P(x)} is the set of all those x from S such that P(x) is true. E.g., T={x  Z | 0<x<10}. Notes: 1) {a,b,c}, {b,a,c}, {c,b,a,b,b,c} all represent the same set. 2) Sets can themselves be elements of other sets, e.g., S={ {Mary, John}, {Tim, Ann}, …}

3. 3 Relations between sets Definition: Suppose A and B are sets. Then A is called a subset of B: A  B iff every element of A is also an element of B. Symbolically, A  B   x, if x  A then x  B. A  B   x such that x  A and x  B. B A A B B A A  BA  B

4. 4 Relations between sets Definition: Suppose A and B are sets. Then A equals B: A = B iff every element of A is in B and every element of B is in A. Symbolically, A=B  A  B and B  A. Example: Let A = {m  Z | m=2k+3 for some integer k}; B = the set of all odd integers. Then A=B.

5. Operations on Sets Definition: Let A and B be subsets of a set U. 1. Union of A and B: A  B = {x  U | x  A or x  B} 2. Intersection of A and B: A  B = {x  U | x  A and x  B} 3. Difference of B minus A: B  A = {x  U | x  B and x  A} 4. Complement of A: A c = {x  U | x  A} Ex.: Let U=R, A={x  R | 3<x<5}, B ={x  R| 4<x<9}. Then 1) A  B = {x  R | 3<x<9}. 2) A  B = {x  R | 4<x<5}. 3) B  A = {x  R | 5 ≤x<9}, A  B = {x  R | 3<x ≤4}. 4) A c = {x  R | x ≤3 or x≥5}, B c = {x  R | x ≤4 or x≥9}

6. 6 Properties of Sets  Theorem 1 (Some subset relations): 1) A  B  A 2) A  A  B 3) If A  B and B  C, then A  C.  To prove that A  B use the “element argument”: 1. suppose that x is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A, 2. show that x is an element of B.

7. 7 Proving a Set Property Theorem 2 (Distributive Law): For any sets A,B and C: A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C). Proof: We need to show that (I) A  (B  C)  (A  B)  (A  C) and (II) (A  B)  (A  C)  A  (B  C). Let’s show (I). Suppose x  A  (B  C) (1) We want to show that x  (A  B)  (A  C) (2)

8. 8 Proving a Set Property Proof (cont.): x  A  (B  C)  x  A or x  B  C. (a) Let x  A. Then x  A  B and x  A  C  x  (A  B)  (A  C) (b) Let x  B  C. Then x  B and x  C. Thus, (2) is true, and we have shown (I). (II) is shown similarly (left as exercise).■