1. Michael Brown Swarthmore College, NSF Center for Magnetic Self-Organization Tim Gray, Ed Dewey ’10, Bevan Gerber-Siff ’10, Kevin Labe ‘11 Vernon Chaplin ’07, Lake Bookman `08 M. J. Schaffer E. V. Belova Research supported by US DOE and NSF Outflow jets, ion heating, and 3D structure in SSX

2. CMSO activities on SSX 3D Reconnection, flow, heating (T i, T e ) Mach probe collaboration with MST Simulation collaboration with UW Student training: 16 honors students PhD plasma programs at Princeton, Wisconsin Berkeley, Caltech, MIT, Michigan, UCLA Postdoc support (Tim Gray, Chris Cothran)

3. SSX parameters

4. Spheromak formation

5. 2D MHD simulation

6. Tangled 3D magnetic lines (lab and solar) one foot tall 5 earth diameters tall

7. Electron Diffusion Region Reconnection geometry (2D model) Separa trix Inflow (slow) Outflow (fast, Alfvenic) Current flow (out) Electron flow (in)

8. 3D hybrid simulation (Y. Lin) Kinetic ions (5x10 8 ions), fluid electrons

9. Simulation results: 3D resistive MHD (E. Belova, PPPL)

10. Stills from 3D simulation

11. SSX device (distributed probe array) Opposing magnetized plasma guns Close fitting copper flux conserver Midplane IDS access for flow studies

12. Local 3D probe measurements Right-handed Spheromak Left-handed spheromak Reconnected poloidal flux

13. Merging studies in prolate geometry (2003-2007) 0.4 meter diameter, 0.6 meter length reconnection at midplane formation of prolate FRC object ultimately unstable with slow growth rate

14. Counter-helicity merging (prolate)

15. 3D probe measurements in SSX

18. Stills from 3D simulation

19. Bi-directional outflows in SSX High resolution ion Doppler spectroscopy (Cothran, et al, PRL to be submitted J. Fung thesis ‘06)

21. Ion Doppler Spectroscopy (1.33m)

23. Ion Doppler spectrometer layout

24. IDS line shapes (high resolution)

25. Observation of bi-directional outflow Data is effectively f(v_r)… one pixel is 10 km/s

26. Stills from IDS movie Dynamics of the flow (bursts, turbulence) encoded in the lineshape

27. Bi-directional outflows on the sun D. Innes (SOHO SUMER chromosphere) Innes, Nature, 1997 Innes, Solar Physics, 1997

28. Location of SUMER slit on solar disk SiIV light dispersed along slit

29. Velocity resolution 10 km/s Spatial resolution 1000 km Spatially localized events

32. Hot ions in SSX Cothran, et al (SSX) (low density discharges, after glow discharge conditioning, short gas delay)

33. Hot ions in SSX (merging)

34. IDS hot ion temperature measurement (one shot, 10 14 density)

35. IDS hot ion flow measurement

36. IDS hot ion temperature measurement (average, 5x10 14 density)

37. Scaling of T i with density

38. Scaling of T i with density (single sph) Dipole-trapped, Gaussian fit, early in formation (30-40  s)

39. IDS ion temperature measurement HeII 468.57 nm (T He > T C )

40. Te from CIII (97.7 nm) to CIV (155 nm) ratio

42. T e from CIII (97.7 nm) to CIV (155 nm) ratio (single spheromak)

43. T e from SXR array fitting Observe electron heating with SXR during 30-40  s reconnection period

44. Hot ions in the extended corona Cranmer, Space Science Rev, 2002 (UVCS)

45. UVCS line of sight

46. SSX density SSX Alfven speed SSX magnetic field Solar wind parameters

47. Greater than mass ratio ion temperatures

48. Quadrupole measurement in SSX Mattheaus, et al, GRL (2005) Landreman, (2003) Cothran, et al, GRL (2003)

49. Driven magnetic reconnection experiments Cothran et al GRL 30, 1213 (2003) Brown et al ApJL 577, 63 (2002) Brown et al Phys. Plasmas 9, 2077 (2002) Brown et al Phys. Plasmas 6, 1717 (1999) Kornack et al Phys. Rev. E 58, R36 (1998) Magnetic probe array RGEAs Large slots cut into FC rear walls define the reconnection region 3D magnetic structure Energetic particles

50. 3D magnetic probe array 600 coils, 5  5  8 array ~2 cm spacing 25 three channel 8:1 multiplexer/integrator boards 10 eight channel 8-bit CAMAC digitizers Full probe readout every 0.8  s

51. Quadrupole out-of-plane field Ion inertial scale 2 cm

52. Trajectory of Polar spacecraft Path of tiny Polar

53. Trajectory of POLAR spacecraft Polar trajectory Mozer, et al, PRL (2002)

54. POLAR SUB-SOLAR OBSERVATION OF THE ION SCALE

55. Merging studies in oblate geometry (2007-2008+) 0.5 meter diameter, 0.4 meter length turbulent merging process formation of oblate FRC object (sometimes) Ti higher, Te lower than prolate often unstable with Alfvenic growth rate

56. Trapezoidal flux conserver in SSX

63. FRC equilibrium with trapezoidal FC

64. First data from oblate flux geometry

65. FRC equilibrium with trapezoidal FC

66. 2D merging simulation (N. Murphy)

67. Equilibrium with trapezoidal FC

68. Coming up (summer 2008)… Search for hot ions (O, N, …) … will need amplifiers (32 ch) and/or doping

69. New high resolution mag probe (will need amplifiers… 48 channels)

70. New high resolution prototype mag probe (1 mm resolution, 2 axis)

71. Btheta Radial distance (cm) Microsecond fluctuations at the mm scale

72. Trapezoidal flux conserver in SSX

73. Stable Oblate FRC in SSX (sometimes)

74. T i and T e in oblate merging in SSX T i higher, T e lower than prolate

75. Density at midplane with merging

76. Dynamic merging events in SSX Unstable! Turbulent?

77. Spheromaks in SSX

78. Trapezoidal flux conserver in SSX

79. Summary (1) Bi-directional sub-Alfvenic outflow measured with ion Doppler spectroscopy on SSX Hot ions and warm electrons also observed in the laboratory using spectroscopy/soft x-rays

80. Summary (2) Measurement of Ti for different ion mass (Carbon, Helium, Silicon) Electron heating observed during merging events using soft x-ray array… less heating for single spheromak

81. Summary (3) 3D structure measured at the ion inertial scale in SSX merging experiments First laboratory measurement of out of plane quadrupole field observed on length scale similar to Polar observations at the magnetopause

82. Summary (prolate) Bi-directional sub-Alfvenic outflow measured with ion Doppler spectroscopy on SSX Both ions/electrons heated by reconnection Spheromak merging creates unstable prolate FRC object with reconnection at midplane

83. Summary (oblate) Merging in oblate geometry in SSX Hot ions and warm electrons also observed in the laboratory using spectroscopy/soft x-rays

84. Summary (2) Mach probe measurements corroborate IDS flow results during merging events Electron heating observed during merging events… less heating for single spheromak

85. Future studies (fall 2008) Measurement of Ti for different ion mass (Carbon, Helium, Xenon) Continue search for stable merging in oblate geometry

86. Future studies (fall 2008) High resolution, high frequency mag probe (Tobin Munsat collaboration) Mach and retarding grid ion probes