1. Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 2nd Edition, 2004 by William and Mary Ann Cunningham

2. Chapter 6 - Topics World Forests Rangelands Parks and Nature Preserves World Parks and Preserves Wilderness Areas and Wildlife Refuges

3. Human Disturbance Map Where collect forest products? Where forests located globally? HERE?

4. Forests, woodlands = 33% land area Ice, rock, desert etc. = 32% Range, Pastures = 23% Ag = 10% Built land = 2% FAO 1999, WRI 1998-1999 GLOBE ~ 66% area in RESOURCE EXTRACTION

5. % of Total Area in Forests Globally 25 South America 24 Former USSR 16 North/ Central America 15 Africa 14 Asia Europe 4 3 Oceania Who imports wood, who cuts trees?

6. Main vegetation zones of the world’s forests under natural conditions

7. Part 1: World Forests 70-80% of original ~ 30% of original

9. Global Wood Use, % 51 14 49 86

10. World Consumption, 1994 (% of total) FuelwoodFiber – paper products Non-fiber roundwood Asia 9316 Africa 81613 South Am 503119 former USSR 441739 N/Cen Am 213741 Europe 153352 Oceania 71479 TOTAL 561825

11. DEFORESTATION: Charcoal production – Northern Brazil

12. Outside New Delhi, India – houses made of cow piles

13. Harvesting resin Collecting leaves for fodder Himalayas - India

14. Forest Products

15. India Himalayas – cutting trees for fire wood

16. Manikara zapota (chicle), Belize

17. Wood Consumption Total annual world wood consumption is about 3.7 billion metric tons, more then steel and plastic consumption together. Firewood accounts for slightly more than 50% of all wood harvested worldwide. Developed countries produce less than half of all wood used for industrial purposes, but account for about 80% of its consumption. By 2025, demand for fuelwood may be twice the available supply.

18. About 25% of the world’s forests are managed for wood production. Monoculture forestry - single species Ideal: scientific planning for sustainable harvests

19. Estimated rate of tropical forest losses Tropical Forest Issues

20. Some Causes of Tropical Deforestation Logging for valuable hardwoods such as mahogany Clearing of land for cattle ranches and export crop production (bananas, pineapples, palm oil plantations etc.) Slash and burn agriculture – this is listed by the text but is such a different level that it should not be included in this list Mining - gold

22. North Brazil

23. Malaysia, palm oil

24. DEFORESTATION: Valued timber species - Indonesia

25. Cutting and burning of tropical rainforest results in: Wildlife loss, over hunting Habitat loss, species changes Rapid water runoff Soil erosion Waste forest resources Climate change other parts of world (Amazon)

26. Logging roads open up forest access to landless settlers

28. Forest acres in USA between 1600 – 1992 (decrease 46% to 32%)

29. Temperate Forest Issues Logging of old- growth Endangered species vs. jobs Northern spotted owl Salmon Natural resource extractive economies – rural environments

30. Driving negative reactions to forest management Clear-cutting Use of single species in monocultures Road construction to harvest forests

31. Clear-cutting and Road Building

32. Fire Management and Forest Health

33. Rationales for Certification Social movement in tropics Dislike of past land practices Mistrust of landowners Disjunction between production and consumers

34. SUSTAINABILITY “ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

35. Why Consider Forest Certification? Public concern over globalization Public want more values/land Supply chain increasingly scrutinized Retailers prefer credible suppliers Consolidation strengthens buyers Non-Tariff trade barriers will increase Global markets impact US markets Gain market share and efficiency Improve market prices and stability Increase industry profitability