1. Lobbying II

2. What do lobbyists do to lobby members of Congress? Develop relationships & credibility Develop relationships & credibility –Don’t burn bridges Do research/provide information Do research/provide information –Electoral situation and district preferences –Policy consequences and ramifications –Legislative Process Develop coalitions & temporary allies Develop coalitions & temporary allies Work out compromises Work out compromises

3. How do lobbyists balance the need to represent their group with the inevitable compromises in lawmaking?

4. How do interest groups facilitate direct citizen lobbying?

5. How do interest groups change public opinion?

6. Changing public opinion Disseminate research Disseminate research –Example 1 Example 1Example 1 –Example 2 Example 2Example 2 –Ideological think tanks Ideological think tanksIdeological think tanks Run ads Run ads –For Cap and Trade For Cap and TradeFor Cap and Trade –Against Cap and Trade Against Cap and TradeAgainst Cap and Trade Simplify the debate in ideological terms Simplify the debate in ideological terms Demonstrations/protests Demonstrations/protests

7. What actually works to affect public opinion?

8. How is lobbying the executive branch different than lobbying the public or Congress? How is it the same?

9. Federal Administrative Procedures Act (1946) Applies to all regulatory agencies (FAA, FDA, EPA, etc.) Applies to all regulatory agencies (FAA, FDA, EPA, etc.) Rulemaking procedures are to be transparent Rulemaking procedures are to be transparent Public can participate in the rulemaking process Public can participate in the rulemaking process When agencies make rules binding on the public or quasi-judicial decisions resolving disputes about rules, they have to follow certain procedures When agencies make rules binding on the public or quasi-judicial decisions resolving disputes about rules, they have to follow certain procedures

10. Lobbying the executive branch Bring technical opinion and public comment into official administrative policymaking process Bring technical opinion and public comment into official administrative policymaking process Work to get, and with, a sympathetic president (Office of Public Liaison) Work to get, and with, a sympathetic president (Office of Public Liaison)

11. When might groups use litigation as a political strategy?

12. When to turn to litigation? As an appeals process from the political branches As an appeals process from the political branches When lobbying won’t work When lobbying won’t work When you’ve got the money for it When you’ve got the money for it

13. Standing Generally have to show some injury to be able to bring a suit Generally have to show some injury to be able to bring a suit Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ vs. FCC (1965) Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ vs. FCC (1965) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1990) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1990)