1. Socioeconomic Class Labov’s study of [ ɹ ] in NYC fourth floor CasualCareful Saks6364 Macy’s4461 S. Klein818

2. Gender Japanese 1st person pronouns Female:watashi, atashi Male:boku, ore

3. Copula in Informal Speech Male:Kireidane ǃ prettyisEmph “Pretty, isn’t it!” Female:Kireine! prettyEmph “Pretty, isn’t it!”

4. Ethnicity African American English Syntactic and phonological characteristics: => Rule-governed

5. Double negation (cf Spanish) 1. He don’t know nothing. 2. He don’t like nobody. Zero copula (In contraction environments) 3. He __ late. 4. He __ a doctor. 5. He __ running.

6. Habitual be 1. This room be cold. 2. *This room be cold today. 3. He be late. 4. He don’t usually be there.

7. Unstressed been for present perfect 1. He been sick. 2. He been sick since last week. Stressed been to mark remote past 3. He BEEN ate it. (a long time ago) 4. She BEEN married. (for a long time)

8. Age ?

9. US http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/usa.htmhttp://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/usa.htm Massachusetts: [ ɹ ]-lessness http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/usa/m assachusetts/massachusetts1.mp3http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/usa/m assachusetts/massachusetts1.mp3

10. New York 3-way vowel distinction - Mary merrymarry [ej] [ ɛ ] [æ] http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/newyork/newyork8.mp3http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/newyork/newyork8.mp3

11. Southern Shift

12. South Carolina Raising of [ ɛ ɪ ]‘kit’ Fronting of [u o]‘tune’ http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/southcarolina/southcarolina1.mp3http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/southcarolina/southcarolina1.mp3

13. Northern Cities Shift

14. Detroit Raised [æ]‘path’ Fronted [ ɑ ]‘pot’ Lowered [ ɔ ]‘long’ http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/michigan/michigan5.mp3http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/michigan/michigan5.mp3

15. Cleveland http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/ohio/ohio1.mp3http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/ohio/ohio1.mp3 Washington /u/ pronounced as [ ɯ ] http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/washington/washington.htmhttp://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/washington/washington.htm

16. Minnesota http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/minnesota/minnesota.htmhttp://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/minnesota/minnesota.htm Iowa http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/iowa/iowa1.mp3http://web.ku.edu/idea/northamerica/us a/iowa/iowa1.mp3