2. Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

3. Chapter 6: Memory What is Memory? It’s there, I just can’t find it. I used to know. Oops! Brain and Memory

4. 100 200 300 400 500 What is Memory?

5. 100 200 300 400 500 It’s there, I just can’t find it.

6. 100 200 300 400 500 I used to know.

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Oops!

8. 100 200 300 400 500 Brain and Memory

9. 1. The process of making information meaningful so that we may store it in memory is called ____. A) construction B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval A) construction B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval

10. 2. Brief, visual sensory memory that is like a snapshot is called: A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) short-term memory. D) immediate memory. A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) short-term memory. D) immediate memory.

11. 3. When you solve a math problem in your head, you have to hold the information there while you do it. You are using your ___ memory. A) rehearsal B) working C) conscious D) arithmetic A) rehearsal B) working C) conscious D) arithmetic

12. 4.____ is an effective encoding strategy in which you focus on the meaning of information to help transfer it to long-term memory. A) Repetition B) Elaborative rehearsal C) Auditory processing D) Working memory A) Repetition B) Elaborative rehearsal C) Auditory processing D) Working memory

13. 5. When we remember how to do something but cannot consciously explain it or even recall how we do it, ___ is involved. A) implicit memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) explicit memory A) implicit memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) explicit memory

14. 6. “He was in that movie, you know, the guy? I think his name started with a C?” This person is experiencing the memory problem of: A) semantic blocking. B) working retrieval. C) tip-of-the-tongue experience. D) encoding failure. A) semantic blocking. B) working retrieval. C) tip-of-the-tongue experience. D) encoding failure.

15. 7. Essay tests measure ___ and multiple-choice tests measure ___. A) long-term memory; short- term memory B) semantic memory; visual memory C) retrieval; clustering D) recall; recognition A) long-term memory; short- term memory B) semantic memory; visual memory C) retrieval; clustering D) recall; recognition

16. 8. If you are trying to recall a long list of items, the serial position effect says you are most likely to: A) forget any items more than seven. B) remember items which are more meaningful. C) remember items in the beginning of the list. D) forget more items in the middle of the list. A) forget any items more than seven. B) remember items which are more meaningful. C) remember items in the beginning of the list. D) forget more items in the middle of the list.

17. 9. The difference between everyday memories and flashbulb memories is that flashbulb memories: A) are much more highly accurate. B) don’t change over time. C) are perceived as being more vivid and accurate. D) all of the above. A) are much more highly accurate. B) don’t change over time. C) are perceived as being more vivid and accurate. D) all of the above.

18. 10. Karen found that when she paid attention in class, what she learned there was more easily recalled when she took an exam in the same room. This is an example of ____. A) context effect B) mood congruence C) flashbulb memory D) chunking A) context effect B) mood congruence C) flashbulb memory D) chunking

19. 11. Absentmindedness is a failure in ___. A) memory storage. B) encoding. C) retrieval. D) prospective memory. A) memory storage. B) encoding. C) retrieval. D) prospective memory.

20. 12. When a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory, this is called: A) encoding failure. B) suppression. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference. A) encoding failure. B) suppression. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference.

21. 13. There are some things we want to forget. ___ is unconscious and ___ is when we make a conscious effort to forget. A) Retroactive interference; proactive interference B) Suppression; repression C) Repression; suppression D) Proactive interference; retroactive interference A) Retroactive interference; proactive interference B) Suppression; repression C) Repression; suppression D) Proactive interference; retroactive interference

22. 14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of forgetting: A) occurs soon after learning. B) continues to steadily occur over time. C) occurs in the middle of a list. D) occurs more rapidly in old age. A) occurs soon after learning. B) continues to steadily occur over time. C) occurs in the middle of a list. D) occurs more rapidly in old age.

23. 15. While considered a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, ____ is an extremely controversial topic among psychologists. A) decay theory B) déjà vu C) repression D) suppression A) decay theory B) déjà vu C) repression D) suppression

24. 16. When someone has experienced an event and is then faced with suggestive questions or wrong data, memory can be distorted due to the: A) power of suggestion. B) misinformation effect. C) authority figure presenting the information. D) suggestibility of the subject. A) power of suggestion. B) misinformation effect. C) authority figure presenting the information. D) suggestibility of the subject.

25. 17. Source confusion can contribute to false memory if the person remembering: A) is doubtful of events. B) has a bad memory to begin with. C) receives false details after an event. D) is easily manipulated by others. A) is doubtful of events. B) has a bad memory to begin with. C) receives false details after an event. D) is easily manipulated by others.

26. 18. Vividly imagining an event markedly increases one’s confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood. This effect is called: A) source confusion. B) sensation distortion. C) confidence overstatement. D) imagination inflation. A) source confusion. B) sensation distortion. C) confidence overstatement. D) imagination inflation.

27. 19. False memories may be the result of a ____, which is how we expect a typical sequence of events to occur. A) memory trace B) source confusion C) schema D) script A) memory trace B) source confusion C) schema D) script

28. 20. Detective Brennan has an eyewitness to a murder. He wants to help the witness remember details by using guided imagery. The detective should know: A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. D) all of the above. A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. D) all of the above.

29. 21. The process of permanently “setting” a new memory is called: A) memory consolidation. B) memory trace. C) long term potentiation. D) recovered memories. A) memory consolidation. B) memory trace. C) long term potentiation. D) recovered memories.

30. 22. H.M. had his hippocampus surgically removed. As a result, he suffered from ___, an inability to___. A) retrograde amnesia; remember old memories B) anterograde amnesia; form new memories C) retrograde consolidation; control epileptic seizures D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform simple math functions A) retrograde amnesia; remember old memories B) anterograde amnesia; form new memories C) retrograde consolidation; control epileptic seizures D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform simple math functions

31. 23. Damage to this area of a monkey’s brain may eliminate its fear of predators. A) medial temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) amygdala D) hippocampus A) medial temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) amygdala D) hippocampus

32. 24: The most common cause of dementia is: A) Parkinson’s disease. B) anterograde amnesia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) automobile accidents. A) Parkinson’s disease. B) anterograde amnesia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) automobile accidents.

33. 25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. could solve a logical puzzle that he previously worked on more quickly, but he did not recall having seen it before. This illustrates that the surgery had the most impact on his: A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) anterograde amnesia. D) cerebellum. A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) anterograde amnesia. D) cerebellum.

35. Stop here, or continue as a review

36. 1. Making information meaningful so that we may store it in memory is called ____. A) construction B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval A) construction B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval 218

37. 2. Brief, visual sensory memory that is like a snapshot is called: A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) short-term memory. D) immediate memory. A) iconic memory. B) echoic memory. C) short-term memory. D) immediate memory. 221

38. 3. When you solve a math problem in your head, you have to hold the information there while you do it. You are using your ___ memory. A) rehearsal B) working C) conscious D) arithmetic A) rehearsal B) working C) conscious D) arithmetic 221

39. 4.____ is an effective encoding strategy in which you focus on the meaning of information to help transfer it to long-term memory. A) Repetition B) Elaborative rehearsal C) Auditory processing D) Working memory A) Repetition B) Elaborative rehearsal C) Auditory processing D) Working memory 224

40. 5. When we remember how to do something but cannot consciously explain it or even recall how we do it, ___ is involved. A) implicit memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) explicit memory A) implicit memory B) episodic memory C) semantic memory D) explicit memory 226

41. 6. “He was in that movie, you know, the guy? I think his name started with a C?” This person is experiencing the memory problem of: A) semantic blocking. B) working retrieval. C) tip-of-the-tongue experience. D) encoding failure. A) semantic blocking. B) working retrieval. C) tip-of-the-tongue experience. D) encoding failure. 230

42. 7. Essay tests measure ___ and multiple-choice tests measure ___. A) long-term memory; short- term memory B) semantic memory; visual memory C) retrieval; clustering D) recall; recognition A) long-term memory; short- term memory B) semantic memory; visual memory C) retrieval; clustering D) recall; recognition 230

43. 8. If you are trying to recall a long list of items, the serial position effect says you are most likely to: A) forget any items more than seven. B) remember items which are more meaningful. C) remember items in the beginning of the list. D) forget more items in the middle of the list. A) forget any items more than seven. B) remember items which are more meaningful. C) remember items in the beginning of the list. D) forget more items in the middle of the list. 231

44. 9. The difference between everyday memories and flashbulb memories is that flashbulb memories: A) are much more highly accurate. B) don’t change over time. C) are perceived as being more vivid and accurate. D) all of the above. A) are much more highly accurate. B) don’t change over time. C) are perceived as being more vivid and accurate. D) all of the above. 233

45. 10. Karen found that when she paid attention in class, what she learned there was more easily recalled when she took an exam in the same room. This is an example of ____. A) context effect B) mood congruence C) flashbulb memory D) chunking A) context effect B) mood congruence C) flashbulb memory D) chunking 232

46. 11. Absentmindedness is a failure in ___. A) memory storage. B) encoding. C) retrieval. D) prospective memory. A) memory storage. B) encoding. C) retrieval. D) prospective memory. 235

47. 12. When a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory, this is called: A) encoding failure. B) suppression. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference. A) encoding failure. B) suppression. C) proactive interference. D) retroactive interference. 237

48. 13. There are some things we want to forget. ___ is unconscious and ___ is when we make a conscious effort to forget. A) Retroactive interference; proactive interference B) Suppression; repression C) Repression; suppression D) Proactive interference; retroactive interference A) Retroactive interference; proactive interference B) Suppression; repression C) Repression; suppression D) Proactive interference; retroactive interference 236

49. 14. According to Ebbinghaus, most of forgetting: A) occurs soon after learning. B) continues to steadily occur over time. C) occurs in the middle of a list. D) occurs more rapidly in old age. A) occurs soon after learning. B) continues to steadily occur over time. C) occurs in the middle of a list. D) occurs more rapidly in old age. 234

50. 15. While considered a cornerstone of psychoanalysis, ____ is an extremely controversial topic among psychologists. A) decay theory B) déjà vu C) repression D) suppression A) decay theory B) déjà vu C) repression D) suppression 238

51. 16. When someone has experienced an event and is then faced with suggestive questions or wrong data, memory can be distorted due to the: A) power of suggestion. B) misinformation effect. C) authority figure presenting the information. D) suggestibility of the subject. A) power of suggestion. B) misinformation effect. C) authority figure presenting the information. D) suggestibility of the subject. 239

52. 17. Source confusion can contribute to false memory if the person remembering: A) is doubtful of events. B) has a bad memory to begin with. C) receives false details after an event. D) is easily manipulated by others. A) is doubtful of events. B) has a bad memory to begin with. C) receives false details after an event. D) is easily manipulated by others. 240

53. 18. Vividly imagining an event markedly increases one’s confidence that the event actually occurred in childhood. This effect called: A) source confusion. B) sensation distortion. C) confidence overstatement. D) imagination inflation. A) source confusion. B) sensation distortion. C) confidence overstatement. D) imagination inflation. 242

54. 19. False memories may be the result of a ____, which is how we expect a typical sequence of events to occur. A) memory trace. B) source confusion. C) schema. D) script. A) memory trace. B) source confusion. C) schema. D) script. 240

55. 20. Detective Brennan has an eyewitness to a murder. He wants to help the witness remember details by using guided imagery. The detective should know: A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. D) all of the above. A) that hypnosis would be a better choice. B) that there is a greater risk of false memories. C) that he needs to used a qualified expert. D) all of the above. 243

56. 21. The process of “setting” a new memory permanently in the brain is called: A) memory consolidation. B) memory trace. C) long-term potentiation. D) recovered memories. A) memory consolidation. B) memory trace. C) long-term potentiation. D) recovered memories. 248

57. 22. H.M. had his hippocampus surgically removed. As a result, he suffered from ___, an inability to___. A) retrograde amnesia; remember old memories B) anterograde amnesia; form new memories C) retrograde consolidation; control epileptic seizures D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform simple math functions A) retrograde amnesia; remember old memories B) anterograde amnesia; form new memories C) retrograde consolidation; control epileptic seizures D) anterograde dyscalculia; perform simple math functions 249

58. 23. Damage to this area of a monkey’s brain may eliminate its fear of predators. A) medial temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) amygdala D) hippocampus A) medial temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) amygdala D) hippocampus 250

59. 24: The most common cause of dementia is: A) Parkinson’s disease. B) anterograde amnesia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) automobile accidents. A) Parkinson’s disease. B) anterograde amnesia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) automobile accidents. 251

60. 25. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. could solve a logical puzzle that he previously worked on more quickly, but he did not recall having seen it before. This illustrates that the surgery had the most impact on his: A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) anterograde amnesia. D) cerebellum. A) implicit memory. B) explicit memory. C) anterograde amnesia. D) cerebellum. 250

61. AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007

62. AnswersAnswers 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.D 19.D 20.B 21.A 22.B 23.C 24.C 25.B