1. Introduction to Biology Bio 10
Instructor – Laura Coronado
Sections Lecture & Lab
4 Units
No prerequisites needed
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2. Getting to know one another
Name and how you pronounce it, any nicknames, etc.
Phone #
Why are you taking this course
Where do you see yourself in 2 years?
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3. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Syllabus
Course Format
Grades
Policies regarding
Late work
Make-up exams
Academic Honesty
Cells phones, texting, & electronic devises
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4. Introduction: Biology Today
Chapter 1
Introduction: Biology Today
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5. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Biology Around Us
We are living in a golden age of biology.
Biology provides exciting breakthroughs changing our culture.
Molecular biology is solving crimes and revealing ancestries.
Ecology helps us address environmental issues.
Neuroscience and evolutionary biology are reshaping psychology and sociology.
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6. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
How do you define life?
Write down on a piece of paper what you believe defines life.
Give an example and explain why you choose it
Review for Domains & Kingdom
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7. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
THE SCOPE OF LIFE
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular to the global.
Biology’s scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on Earth.
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8. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Order
All living things exhibit a complex but ordered organization
Pinecone demonstrates order
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9. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Regulation
When the outside environment changes drastically, the organism can adjust its internal environment to keep it within its appropriate limits
Lizard’s body absorbs solar energy and warms its internal temperature
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10. Growth and development
Genes carry information and controls the pattern of growth and development in ALL organisms
Green Mamba snake
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11. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Energy utilization
Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life’s activities
Puffin gets energy from eating fish and uses that energy to swim and do other work
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12. Response to the environment
All organisms respond to environmental stimuli
Venus flytrap closed it trap rapidly in response to an environmental stimulus of an insect touching sensory hairs
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13. Reproduction & Evolution
Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change or evolve over time
The Katydid plant has evolved over time so it camouflages the animal in its environment
Organisms reproduce their own kind only
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14. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organ Systems
and Organs
Figure 1.2 Zooming in on life. Life has many levels (Step 3) (Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells.)
Molecules and Atoms
Organelles
Atom
Tissues
Nucleus
Cells
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Figure 1.2-3

15. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Ecosystems
Each organism interacts continuously with its environment.
Organisms interact continuously with the living and nonliving factors in the environment.
The interactions between organisms and their environment take place within an ecosystem.
The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two main processes:
Cycling of nutrients
Flow of energy
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16. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
ECOSYSTEM
Loss of
heat
energy
Inflow
of light
energy
Consumers
animals
Chemical
energy
food
Figure 1.3 Nutrient and energy flow in an ecosystem.
Producers
plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms
Decomposers
in soil
Cycling of
nutrients
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Figure 1.3

17. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Prokaryotic cell
(bacterium)
Eukaryotic cell
Organelles •
Simpler structure
Smaller
DNA concentrated in
nucleoid region, which
is not enclosed by
membrane
Lacks most organelles
Larger
More complex
structure
Nucleus enclosed
by membrane
Contains many •
types of organelles •
Nucleus
Nucleoid
region
Colorized TEM
Figure 1.4 Two main kinds of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
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Figure 1.4

18. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Cells
The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life.
All organisms are composed of cells.
Two Cell types
Prokaryotic cell is simpler, smaller, and contains no organelles. e.g. Bacteria
Eukaryotic cell is larger, more complex, and contains organelles. Has a membrane bound nucleus. e.g. Plants and animals
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19. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Adenosine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Tyrosine.
The four
chemical
building blocks
of DNA
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A DNA molecule
Figure 1.5

20. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
DNA
All cells use DNA as the chemical material of genes.
Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.
The language of DNA contains just four letters:
A, G, C, T
The entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.
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21. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering and biotechnology have allowed us to manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms.
Bacteria can make insulin because a gene for insulin production was transplanted into their DNA.
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22. Life in Its Diverse Forms
Diversity is the hallmark of life.
The diversity of known life includes 1.8 million species.
Estimates of the total diversity range from 10 million to over 100 million species.
Biodiversity can be beautiful but overwhelming.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species.
It formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms.
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23. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Figure 1.7 A small sample of biological diversity
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Figure 1.7

24. The Three Domains of Life
The three domains of life are
Bacteria consists of prokaryotic cells,
Archaea consists of prokaryotic cells,
Eukarya consists of eukaryotic cells,
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25. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Colorized TEM
Figure 1.8 The three domains of life.
Kingdom Animalia
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
TEM LM
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Protists (multiple kingdoms)
Figure 1.8

26. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Eukarya Domain
Eukarya includes
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protists (multiple kingdoms) & generally single celled.
Most plants, fungi, and animals are multicellular & are distinguished by how they obtain food.
Plants produce their own sugars and other foods by photosynthesis.
Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead organisms.
Animals obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms.
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27. Unity in the Diversity of Life
Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity, especially at the lower levels of structure.
For example, all life uses the genetic language of DNA.
Biological evolution accounts for this combination of unity and diversity.
Evolution is the history of life is a saga of a restless Earth billions of years old.
Fossils document this history.
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28. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Evolution
Life evolves.
Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life extending back over 3 billion years.
Species that are very similar, such as brown bears and polar bears, share a more recent common ancestor.
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29. polar bear and brown bear
Giant panda
Spectacled bear
Ancestral
bear
Sloth bear
Sun bear
American black bear
Asiatic black bear
Figure 1.10 An evolutionary tree of bears.
Common ancestor of
polar bear and brown bear
Polar bear
Brown bear 30 25 20 15 10 5
Millions of years ago
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Figure 1.10

30. The Darwinian View of Life
The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species.
Darwin’s book developed two main points:
Descent with modification
Natural selection
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31. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Natural Selection
Darwin was struck by the diversity of animals on the Galápagos Islands.
He thought that adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species were closely related processes.
As populations separated by a geographic barrier adapted to local environments, they became separate species.
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32. Darwin’s Inescapable Conclusion
Darwin synthesized the theory of natural selection from two observations that were neither profound nor original.
Others had the pieces of the puzzle, but Darwin could see how they fit together.
Observation 1: Overproduction and competition
Observation 2: Individual variation
Conclusion: Unequal reproductive success
It is this unequal reproductive success that Darwin called natural selection.
The product of natural selection is adaptation.
Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.
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33. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Population with varied inherited
traits
Elimination of individuals with
certain traits
Figure 1.12 Natural selection.
Reproduction of survivors
Increasing frequency of
traits that enhance survival
and reproductive success
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Figure 1.12

34. Observing Artificial Selection
Artificial selection is the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans.
In artificial selection, humans do the selecting instead of the environment.
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35. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
a Vegetables descended
from wild mustard
Wild mustard
Figure 1.13a Examples of artificial selection.
Cabbage from
terminal bud
Brussels
sprouts from
lateral buds
Kohlrabi
from stem
Kale from leaves
Broccoli from
flower and
stems
Cauliflower
from flower
clusters
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Figure 1.13a

36. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
b Domesticated dogs descended from wolves
Figure 1.13b Examples of artificial selection.
Domesticated dogs
Gray wolves
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Figure 1.13b

37. Observing Natural Selection
There are many examples of natural selection in action.
Galápagos finches change beak size depending upon the size and shape of available seeds.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have evolved in response to the overuse of antibiotics.
Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species fueled an explosion in biological research.
Evolution is one of biology’s best demonstrated, most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories.
Evolution is the unifying theme of biology.
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38. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.”
Science is a way of knowing.
Science developed from people’s curiosity about themselves and the world around them.
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39. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Figure 1.14a Careful observation and measurement: the raw data for discovery science.
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Figure 1.14a

40. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Discovery Science
Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena.
This limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure.
Verifiable observations & measurements are the data.
In biology, discovery science enables us to describe life at its many levels.
Can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called inductive reasoning.
An inductive conclusion is a generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations.
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41. Hypothesis-Driven Science
As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps.
The key element of the scientific method is hypothesis-driven science.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations—an idea on trial.
Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigator can use deductive logic to test it.
In deduction, the reasoning flows from the general to the specific.
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42. Hypothesis-Driven Science
In the process of science, the deduction usually takes the form of predictions about experimental results.
Then the hypothesis is tested by performing an experiment to see whether results are as predicted.
This deductive reasoning takes the form of “If…then” logic.
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43. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Prediction:
If I replace the
batteries, the
flashlight will
work.
Question:
What’s wrong
with my
flashlight?
Hypothesis:
The flashlight’s
batteries
are dead.
Observation:
My flashlight
doesn’t work.
Figure 1.15 Applying the scientific method to a common problem. (Step 1)
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Figure

44. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Prediction:
If I replace the
batteries, the
flashlight will
work.
Question:
What’s wrong
with my
flashlight?
Hypothesis:
The flashlight’s
batteries
are dead.
Experiment:
I replace the
batteries with
new ones.
Observation:
My flashlight
doesn’t work.
Experiment
supports
hypothesis;
make additional
predictions
and test them.
Figure 1.15 Applying the scientific method to a common problem. (Step 2)
Laura Coronado Bio Chapter 1
Figure

45. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Experiment does
not support
hypothesis; revise
hypothesis or
pose new one.
Revise
Prediction:
If I replace the
batteries, the
flashlight will
work.
Question:
What’s wrong
with my
flashlight?
Hypothesis:
The flashlight’s
batteries
are dead.
Experiment:
I replace the
batteries with
new ones.
Observation:
My flashlight
doesn’t work.
Experiment
supports
hypothesis;
make additional
predictions
and test them.
Figure 1.15 Applying the scientific method to a common problem. (Step 3)
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Figure

46. The Process of Science: Is Trans Fat Bad for You?
One way to better understand how the process of science can be applied to real-world problems is to examine a case study, an in-depth examination of an actual investigation.
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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. The Process of Science: Is Trans Fat Bad for You?
Dietary fat comes in different forms.
Trans fat is a non-natural form produced through manufacturing processes.
Trans fat
Adds texture
Increases shelf life
Is inexpensive to prepare
A study of 120,000 female nurses found that high levels of trans fat nearly doubled the risk of heart disease.
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48. Hypothesis-Driven Science
A hypothesis-driven study published in 2004
Started with the observation that human body fat retains traces of consumed dietary fat.
Asked the question: Would the adipose tissue of heart attack patients be different from a similar group of healthy patients?
Formed the hypothesis that healthy patients’ body fat would contain less trans fat that the body fat in heart attack victims.
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49. Hypothesis-Driven Science
The researchers set up an experiment to determine the amounts of fat in the adipose tissue of 79 patients who had a heart attack.
They compared these patients to the data for 167 patients who had not had a heart attack.
This is an example of a controlled experiment, in which the control and experimental groups differ only in one variable—the occurrence of a heart attack.
The results showed significantly higher levels of trans fat in the bodies of the heart attack patients.
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50. g trans fat per 100 g total fat Trans fats in adipose tissue
2.0
1.77
1.48
1.5
g trans fat per 100 g total fat
Trans fats in adipose tissue
1.0
0.5
Heart attack
patients
Control
group
Figure 1.16 Levels of trans fat.
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Figure 1.16

51. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Theories in Science
What is a scientific theory, and how is it different from a hypothesis?
A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis.
Theories only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence.
Scientific theories are not the only way of “knowing nature.”
Science and religion are two very different ways of trying to make sense of nature.
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52. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
The Culture of Science
Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier research.
They pay close attention to contemporary scientists working on the same problem.
Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific culture.
Scientists check the conclusions of others by attempting to repeat experiments.
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53. Science, Technology, and Society
Science and technology are interdependent.
New technologies advance science.
Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies.
E.g. the discovery of the structure of DNA about 50 years ago led to a variety of DNA technologies.
Technology has improved our standard of living in many ways, but it is a double-edged sword.
Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled the human population to double to nearly 7 billion in just the past 40 years.
The environmental consequences of this population growth may be devastating.
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54. Evolution Connection: Evolution in Our Everyday Lives
Antibiotics are drugs that help fight bacterial infections.
When an antibiotic is taken, most bacteria are killed.
Those bacteria most naturally resistant to the drug can still survive.
Those few resistant bacteria can soon multiply and become the norm and not the exception.
The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a huge problem in public health.
Antibiotics are being used more selectively.
Many farmers are reducing the use of antibiotics in animal feed.
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Figure 1.19 Natural selection in action.
Colorized SEM
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Figure 1.19

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Life
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protists
Figure 1.UN2 Summary: The three domains of life
Three kingdoms
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Domain Eukarya
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Figure UN1-2

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Observations
Conclusion
Overproduction
and competition
Unequal reproductive success
natural selection
Individual variation
Figure 1.UN3 Summary: Natural selection through logical inference
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Figure UN1-3

58. Laura Coronado Bio 10 Chapter 1
Revise and repeat
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Figure 1.UN4 Summary: Steps of the scientific method
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Figure UN1-4