1. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Algorithms and Architecture for the L1 Calorimeter Trigger at D0 Run IIb J. Bystricky, D. Calvet, P. Le Dû, E. Perez, G. Tarte CEA Saclay, France J. Ban, H. Evans, J. Mitrevski, J. Parsons, W. Sippach Columbia University, USA M. Abolins, D. Edmunds, P. Laurens Michigan State University, USA

2. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Current D0 L1 Calorimeter Trigger Cal Preamp Precision Readout Trigger Pickoff Analog TT Sums BLS Card on detector ADC E  Et EM EM+H Compare & Sums CTFE Sum / Add Trees Bunch Crossing 2.52 MHz 40 x 32 Trigger Towers 0.2 x 0.2 in  x  2560 differential analog Trigger pickoff signals 64 ECL bits L1 Trigger Framework 1280 EM samples 1280 HD samples L1 Yes/No ~2.6  s after BC

3. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Motivation for D0 L1 Calorimeter Trigger Upgrade Improved physics selection Current: counts of individual trigger towers above set of thresholds Upgrade: counts of sums over sliding window greater than thresholds Better measurement of energy in trigger towers Current: 1 sample at peak of signal with manually set delay lines Upgrade: optimal digital filter using up to 8 input samples Three-fold increase of operating rate Current: operation with 396 ns bunch spacing (2.52 MHz) Upgrade: safe operation with 132 ns bunch spacing (7.57 MHz) Modern and compact system Current: 13 racks of electronics designed in 1988 Upgrade: 3 racks of up-to date electronics

4. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Trigger Tower Signals Rise time and pulse duration not suitable for 132 ns operation: energy seen at BC before real peak can cause pre-mature trigger Current system: one sample at peak: sensitive to noise and jitter Solution: Digital Signal Processing 396 ns 132 ns

5. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Signal Processing Algorithm Oversampling analog input at BC x 4: short conversion latency, moderate ADC cost/power consumption delay adjustment: programmable ADC clock inversion, selection of 2 samples to process among the 4 converted per BC 8-tap FIR with 6 bit coefficients running at BC x 2: improved quality results, shorter latency 2048-entry LUT table for final calibration / clipping / saturation 8 channels fit in 500K gate Xilinx Virtex II FPGA 2 8 Tap FIR 3 Point Peak Detector 2 E T Look Up Table ADC 10 bit 30.28 MHz Serializer 10 bit 15.14 MHz 11 bit 15.14 MHz 11 bit 7.57 MHz 8 bit 7.57 MHz BC rate: 7.57 MHz Analog input

6. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Physics Selection      Longitudinal size of a jet >> Trigger Tower size (0.2 x 0.2) Current algorithm looks for jet in individual TT : Low E T QCD (background) events easily pass high E T triggers ! Need to increase selectivity for large luminosities because read-out limitations impose L1 accept rate < 5 kHz 0.2 “sliding windows” sum E T of 2 x 2 TTs (RoI) look for local maxima : compare with  2x2 E T of the 24 neighboring RoIs trigger jet E T =  4x4 E T in the 4 x 4 region around a local maxima RoI (i.e. 0.8 x 0.8 in  x  ) Algorithm for upgraded system

7. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet New Algorithm Sample Simulation Results Sharper « turn-on » curves Reduction of trigger rate by a factor 2 to 3 new current  (trigger) vs jet E T Single Jet new current reduction  to trigger on hard jets (E T > 40 GeV) versus inclusive trigger rate

8. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Architecture of Upgraded L1 Calorimeter Trigger 80 ADF cards in 4 crates 6U VME64x; 8 TABs + 1 GAB in 1 crate 9U size 2 custom cards for timing and synchronization signal fanout Fermilab VME Interconnects + commercial PCI/VME interface in a PC for configuration and control

9. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet ADF Card Features 32 channels per card analog inputs on RJ2 + fully differential AOP + zero-adjust DAC + anti- aliasing filter + 10-bit ADC + digital filter + history buffers + … 3 digital 2 Gbit/s LVDS output links on RJ0 (32 x 8 bit x 7.57 MHz) VME A24/D16 interface for configuration, control and monitoring Operating modes Calibration: self triggered data acquisition of pulse shape System test: load then playback arbitrary data patterns Ouptut link debug: emit constant value or pseudo-random stream Normal operation: w/wo digital filter, w/wo peak detector, optional send raw ADC data of last L1 trigger accept, history buffer freeze for monitoring…

10. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet ADF Card Prototype ~1300 components on both sides of a 14-layer class 6 PCB Card in fabrication VME interface & glue logic Channel Link Serializers Core FPGA logic DC/DC converters Analog Section and ADCs VMEDigital OutAnalog In

11. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet TAB System Features Input from 30 ADFs (960 channels) Sliding Windows Algorithms using serial arithmetic Jet, EM, Tau versions OutputsGABCounts of clusters over threshold, E T /ME T sums Cal-TrkJet & EM clusters for matching with Tracks L2/L3More sophisticated algorithms Custom serial protocol for VME & Timing Interfaces distributed by separate VME/SCL Interface board Operating Modes System Test: load then playback arbitrary data patterns Normal Operation: timing/control from D0 or locally Monitoring: data copied to registers at most steps in processing

12. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet TAB Prototype ADF Inputs (x30) power Channel Link Receivers (x30)Sliding Windows Chips L2/L3 Ouput (optical) VME/SCL Output to GAB Output to Cal- Track (x3) Global Chip card in fabrication

13. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet ADF to TAB Links Data duplication Sliding window algorithm: ADF data used in 3 different TABs TAB total cross-section = 160 Gbit/s x 3 = 480 Gbit/s Data duplication at TAB level: challenging given bandwidth / card density Solution: data duplicated on ADF cards by 3 identical output links Output Links Direct FPGA pin-to-pin LVDS connection: good coordination during design, prefer same FPGA vendor / HDL language on both ends, careful PCB layout Solution: LVDS Channel Link chipset (National Semiconductor) robust, simply defined and ready-to-use interface Cabling Solution: 240 standard cables Hard Metric 2 mm 8-pair differential

14. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Test Hardware Active splitter card for analog trigger tower signals connection of ADF prototype without disturbing current data taking Channel Link Transmitter/Receiver cards Chipset and cable evaluation, pattern generator, test receiver,…

15. IEEE 2003 Real Time Conference D. Calvet Summary and Future Work Features and Benefits of upgraded D0 L1 calorimeter trigger Improved rejection: sliding window-based physics algorithms Better estimation of energy in calorimeter cells: digital signal processing Compact, modern system built for operation with 132 ns bunch spacing Architecture 80 Analog to Digital converter and Filter cards (ADF) housed in 4 crates 8 Trigger Algorithm Boards (TABs) and 1 Global Algorithm Board (GAB) 2 custom modules for synchronization, 5 VME interface pairs, 2 PCI/VME interface and 1 PC for configuration and control Implementation Prototypes of ADF and TAB cards under assembly Production and installation of full system at D0 for operation in 2006