1. 1 UCB Digital Library Project An Experiment in Using Lexical Disambiguation to Enhance Information Access Robert Wilensky, Isaac Cheng, Timotius Tjahjadi, and Heyning Cheng

2. 2 UCB Digital Library ProjectGoal u Enhance information access by –fully automated text categorization –by adding searching by word sense u Applied to the World Wide Web

3. 3 UCB Digital Library Project Manual vs. Automatically Created Directories u Manual classification of documents is – Expensive – Not scalable t Hard to keep up with the rapid growth and changes of information sources such as the Web u Would like fully automatic classification – no training set – no rules – appeal instead to “intrinsic semantics”

4. 4 UCB Digital Library Project Lexical Disambiguation u Problem: Determine the intended sense of ambiguous word u Approach: Based on Yarowsky, et al. – Thesaurus categories as proxies for senses t We used Roget’s 5th – Training: Count nearby word-category co- occurrence – Deployment: Add up the word-category evidence

5. 5 UCB Digital Library Project Counting Co-occurrences of Terms with Categories …while storks and cranes make their nests in the bank… Result is category co-occurrence vector for each term. [Tools, Animals]

6. 6 UCB Digital Library Project Automatic Topic Assignment Based on Word Sense u Hearst – Topic   word-category association vectors u Fisher and Wilensky – Contrasted different algorithms – Concluded that exploiting word senses may improve topic assignment u We use prior prob. dist. of word senses, (and more recently, disambiguation per se.)

7. 7 UCB Digital Library Project IAGO 0.1 vs. 1.0 u IAGO 0.1: –Eliminated short (< 100 content words) pages –Trained on newswire text u IAGO 1.0: –Trained on Encarta encyclopedia –Estimated word sense priors on the Web (used 10 million words of random web documents) –ignored proper nouns –augmented stop-list to deal with various problems u Tested categorization by mapping Yahoo categories to ours u Tested disambiguation on newswire, then sampled Web.

8. 8 UCB Digital Library Project IAGO! Overview

9. 9 UCB Digital Library Project Classification Results Category Name Precision Recall ------------- --------- ------ ComputerScience 87.5% 19.4% FinanceInvestment 100.0% 13.4% FitnessExercise 100.0% 1.8% MotionPictures 100.0% 54.8% Music 98.2% 42.4% Nutrition 97.9% 29.9% Occupation 97.8% 30.3% TheEnvironment n/a 0.0% Travel 75.0% 15.4% Overall precision = 97% Overall recall = 21% Now: (version 1.0) Category Name Precision Recall ------------- --------- ------ ComputerScience 31.6% 17.1% FinanceInvestment 94.4% 22.0% FitnessExercise 100.0% 4.3% MotionPictures 100.0% 57.1% Music 97.5% 58.3% Nutrition 80.3% 35.6% Occupation 100.0% 13.1% TheEnvironment n/a 0.0% Travel 50.0% 5.7% Overall precision = 88% Overall recall = 23% Then: (version 0.1) ( 92.3% and 20.4% if no adjustment by hand)

10. 10 UCB Digital Library Project IAGO! 1.0 Internet Directory u Used engine to classify a few tens of thousands of web documents into Roget’s categories.

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12. 12 UCB Digital Library Project Disambiguation Results

13. 13 UCB Digital Library Project Application to Text Searching u Present user with set of known word senses from which to select – e.g., keyword = “rock” t =stone t =kind of music u Retrieve by word, filter by word sense u Rank by number of matching word senses

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16. 16 UCB Digital Library Project Is it Useful? u Results in the literature generally suggest disambiguation not useful for long queries, and utility is highly sensitive to disambiguation accuracy. u However, 40% of search queries on the web are reported to be single words. u So, does disambiguation work well enough to aid with single word queries?

17. 17 UCB Digital Library ProjectUsefulness u Let r be the frequency of the most common of (non-overlapping) senses. u Can show that, to be better than just using keyword retrieval, disambiguation accuracy needs to be at least 50%, increasing in accuracy as r increases, but need not be highly accurate. (In fact, it can perform below the baseline.) u IAGO! 1.0 performs well above this level.

18. 18 UCB Digital Library ProjectUsefulness u Key word retrieval will produce word sense retrieval precision and recall of r and 1 for common sense, (1-r), 1 for less common u A disambiguation method that was correct p of the time would have precision and recall values of and p for a word sense with frequency r. u Using E as the metric, can show that p needs to be at least for a disambiguation method to outperform keyword retrieval u For small r, p must be greater than 50%. For large r, this compares favorably with keyword retrieval even with fairly low disambiguation accuracy. –E.g., with a 90/10 distribution of word senses, then, for the more common word sense case, E, with a beta of.5, is better for a disambiguation algorithm with an accuracy over 77% than for keyword retrieval. (For the less common word sense, a “disambiguation” algorithm that is completely random gives a superior result.)

19. 19 UCB Digital Library Project More results u Latest implementation (by Heyning Cheng) reduces training to about 1 hour (from about 24); classifying 1000 documents takes about 10 minutes. u Also improved performance of disambiguation. This made it practical to use disambiguation in topic assignment: –I.e, produces slightly better results; also appears to be less sensitive to changes in stoplist, and can be made to run quickly. u Disambiguation with a substantially smaller window size (even as small as 5) did not reduce accuracy; in some cases, a half-window size of 10 out- performed one of 50.

20. 20 UCB Digital Library Project More results (con’t) u Weighted word sense priors by IDF of the term

21. 21 UCB Digital Library Project More Results u Excluding low-utility or confusing Roget’s categories (down to about 200) improved recall to about 40% on the 1000 document test set. u The “purity” of topic assignment (% of all word senses disambiguated to the assigned topic) seems correlated with accuracy at least as well as IAGO’s ranking algorithm.

22. 22 UCB Digital Library Project Future Work u Get better word sense proxies! u Word-sense searching –Create word sense index –Support word-sense searching within more general searches. –Improve disambiguation by exploiting priors. –Test against synonym expansion methods u Automatic topic-categorization – Handle multi-word phrases; proper names

23. 23 UCB Digital Library Project Future Plans: Longer Term u Disambiguation – Handle non-nouns – Better word sense source t Automatic grouping of thesaural word senses u Topic-categorization –Multiple topic assignment – Quality u Summarization via same techniques u Other linguistic choices, e.g., thematic roles