1. This training was prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) team of Otto Gonzalez-USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (Team Leader), Jon Fripp (Civil Engineer) and Chris Hoag (Wetland Plant Ecologist)-USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (Civil Engineers). Fripp and Hoag were the primary authors of this material. The U.S. AID provided funding support for the USDA team. 6 Basic Surveying

2. Measuring vertical distance Measuring a slope Establishing a level contour Determining if a terrace is level Plotting a cross section Estimating your location on a map These skills are used for assessment as well as design and construction

3. How to hold a hand level

4. Look through hand level Be sure the bubble is up.

5. Align the bubble between the cross wires The middle wire is at the same level as your eye

6. Use two hands Hold the tube with finger tips Brace elbows to chest Stand up straight

7. Don’t bend over

8. Don’t hold it with one hand

9. This is perfect Straight Back Elbows on chest Two Hands Finger tips

10. V? How to measure a vertical distance

11. Two man team One with the hand level (the first) must be shorter than the second

12. Find were your eye would line up on your taller partner Mark that spot of his shirt

13. V The distance from that spot to where you see is the distance that your partner is above or below you Can also use a marked rod

14. V V

15. Determining slopes is important for a variety of assessment, design and construction activities How to Determine a Slope

16. The assessment of many conditions as well as the design of many rehabilitation techniques depends on the slope of the ground. These slopes are often expressed as a ratio of a horizontal measurement to a vertical measurement (V:H). V H

17. V V H The first man holds the hand level so that the bubble is aligned between the cross wires and focuses on the second man. The second man measures from where the first man’s eyes would be on him if they were standing beside one another to the point where the middle wire is now aligned. This is the vertical measurement (V).

18. V H V H The first man holds one end of the measuring tape at his eye and the second man holds the other end of the measuring tape at the point where the middle hair is aligned. This is the horizontal measurement (H).

19. V V If you do not have a tape A typical pace is the same distance from the eyes to the knee. This is considered to be one increment of vertical (V) measurement. The second mans stands beside the first man and paces up hill along the slope line until this ‘fixed’ point is aligned with the middle wire. The number of paces (H) is the slope distance. H H

20. How To Set A Level Contour Need Hand level Two people Needed for assessment Design of terraces and hillside ditches And…

21. Set a contour up a hill The hand level is held up to one eye so that the bubble is aligned between the cross wires. The second man stands up hill to where the contour is to be determined. The first man must be able to see some portion of his body (for example: the top of his boot) through the hand level. This point is mentally ‘marked’.

22. The second man slowly walks along the approximate contour. The first man tells him to walk up or down slope depending on the relative location of the ‘marked’ point to the middle wire. The second man periodically scuffs the soil to mark the location of the contour.

23. We can check if an existing terrace is flat in the same manner 1.Have one man stand on the terrace 2.The man with the level locates a spot on the terrace man 3.The man on the terrace walks slowly along the terrace 4.If the man with the hand level sees the spot go up or down, he knows the terrace is not flat

24. How to determine the steepness of a slope The assessment and design for many restoration techniques are based on the slope of the ground. The slope is defined along a line that is perpendicular to a contour.

25. How to determine a perpendicular line The first man stands with his heels aligned to the contour. The first man stretches his arms straight out from the sides and aligns his hands to that they are along the contour.

26. The first man closes his eyes. While keeping his arms straight, the first man brings his hands together in front of him in a clapping motion by swinging his arms over his head. The first man opens his eyes and directs the second man to where his hands are pointing. Now measure the slope between the two as before

27. Section How to measure a section Used to assess a site Used for design and construction

28. Line level Stake String When bubble is between lines, it is level To do this, we need to set up a level string

29. This Line Level will be connected to a string with the hooks

30. Drive a stake on one side

31. Drive the stake on the other side

32. Tie String to Stake Attach line level

33. Adjust string to achieve level

34. Keep the string tight Do not let it sag

35. Tie other end of string when level

36. Then measure from the string

37. Can also place line level on a board

38. Using a compass Many uses Approximate location on a map

39. North South EastWest The Red part of the needle points to magnetic north

40. North South EastWest 1.Rotate the dial so that N points to the top 2.Turn the compass wheel so that the red part of the needle lines up with the N 3.You are now pointed to magnetic North You can adjust by the magnetic declination to be more accurate

41. 1.Place the compass on the map 2.Line the flat edge of the compass on a North line of the map 3.The map is now oriented in the correct direction 4.Look for landmarks to determine where you are

42. N You can get a more exact location To do this: 1.Look on the map to find two landmarks that you can see 2.Point the compass towards this landmark 3.Adjust the compass wheel until the red part of the needle lines up with north 4.Look at the angle that is in the direction of the landmark 5.Repeat this for another landmark 6.Record both angles

43. 1.Orient the map to the north 2.Line the edge of the compass on the landmark 3.Turn the entire compass so that the direction or angle that you recorded is pointed to the top of the compass 4.Draw a line along the edge of the compass 5.Repeat the previous steps with the other landmark 6.Where the lines intersect is your approximate location

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