1. U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command Braxton B. Boren, Mark Ericson Nov. 1, 2011 Motion Simulation in the Environment for Auditory Research

2. Introduction ARL’s Environment for Auditory Research (EAR) contains state-of-the-art facilities for auditory simulations Realistic auditory environments should contain both static and moving sources Moving sources are much more difficult to simulate in a 57-channel audio system –Multichannel audio editors –Max/MSP –Matlab Using streaming audio buffers, the EAR’s Sphere Room has been equipped to simulate moving sources by automatically generating source paths and processing each source’s motion in real time.

3. ENVIRONMENT FOR AUDITORY RESEARCH Sphere Room The Sphere Room is a 140 m 3 (5.3m × 5.4m × 4.9m) auditory virtual reality space designed to facilitate investigations of: -Integrity of auditory virtual spaces -Realism of complex auditory simulations -Effects of changes in Head-Related Transfer Functions on auditory perception -Effect of helmets and other headgear on spatial orientation The room contains 57 loudspeakers separated vertically by 30°, constituting a sphere surrounding the listener. This configuration of loudspeakers enables virtual sound source movement and sound projection in an almost 360° sphere. Unlimited stationary or moving sound sources may be presented to any combination of the 57 loudspeakers permitting generation of realistic and dynamically changing acoustic environments

4. Streaming Audio in Matlab PortAudio API: allows low-level control of multichannel audio devices through the Matlab programming environment - Low system latency - High audio fidelity Streaming Audio: short buffers update every 11.5 milliseconds with new audio data - Loudspeaker gains are pre-calculated - Signal processing can be enacted in real time Static sources can be placed in background at specific positions Additional moving sources can be added in a single virtual environment

5. Source Motion Paths Virtual source motion paths are defined parametrically, over time - Circular - Elliptical - ‘Dogbone’

6. Panning Algorithms Distance-Based Amplitude Panning (DBAP), Lossius et al., 2009 –loudspeaker gains are determined by each speaker’s distance from virtual audio source –independent of listener position –provides smooth motion panning for virtual sources located on loudspeaker array –cannot simulate sources outside array

7. Panning Algorithms Vector Base Amplitude Panning (VBAP), Pulkki, 1997 –Defines each loudspeaker as a position vector –Given a set of three linearly independent speaker vectors, VBAP can simulate a source within the speaker triangle as a linear combination of the three vectors –The coefficient of each vector is the gain of the corresponding speaker

8. Panning Algorithms Vector Base Amplitude Panning (VBAP), Pulkki, 1997 –VBAP is more robust than DBAP given a fixed listener position –Allows efficient simulation of virtual sources outside the loudspeaker array –Requires an algorithm for detecting vector/triangle intersections

9. Assigning triangles to sources 1)Parametrically define the triangle’s plane: 2)If a given ray intersects the plane, find its parametric coordinates s and t 3)If (s + t) is between 0 and 1, the ray intersects the triangle Ray-Triangle Intersection, Sunday, 2003

10. Assigning triangles to sources Ray-Triangle Intersection, Sunday, 2003 Requires 5 distinct dot product operations Not as efficient as other algorithms for dynamic environments But it’s more efficient for static sets of triangles because the planes’ normal vectors can be pre-computed

11. Signal Processing High-quality vehicular recordings are available with included x-y-z coordinates –These already contain attenuation, air absorption, and Doppler shift –Position data can be read and interpolated to determine pan positions To allow arbitrary movement of any signal, signal processing is added –Attenuation and air absorption coefficients are pre-computed –Signal gain and one-pole filter are updated in real time before loading the streaming audio buffer –Doppler shift is more computationally expensive Matlab isn’t fast enough to do it in real time May later be implemented from C++ Need better constant recordings of vehicular motion –Current recordings of vehicles idling are unconvincing –Not as important for slower sources that don’t change with velocity

12. Discussion With a full signal processing load, this system can process up to four independent moving sources at once Pre-calculations can take longer if different sources’ velocities and path lengths have very high least-common multiples Static sources can be added in specific channels to add background ambience

13. Conclusions Real time streaming audio allows simulated motion of any parametric path Two different panning algorithms have been implemented –DBAP is simpler and better for listener-independent reproduction –VBAP is more robust and better for a fixed listener position Attenuation and air absorption filtering can be applied in real time to give more realistic distance cues This system will be used in a series of auditory simulations and experiments ongoing at EAR

14. References Henry, P., Amrein, B., & Ericson, M., “The Environment for Auditory Research”, Acoustics Today, 5(3), 2009. Kleiner M., Brainard D., & Pelli D., “What's new in Psychtoolbox-3?”, Perception 36 ECVP Abstract Supplement, 2007. Lossius, T. Baltazar, P, & de la Hogue, T., “DBAP - Distance-Based Amplitude Panning”, Proceedings of the 2009 International Computer Music Conference, 2009. Pulkki, V., “Virtual Sound Source Positioning Using Vector Base Amplitude Panning”, J. Audio Eng. Soc., 45, 1997. Sunday, D., “Intersections of Rays, Segments, Planes and Triangles in 3D”, 2003.