1. Landsat Data Continuity Mission and Beyond Mike Wulder On behalf of Landsat Science Team LDCM SRR/MDR/PNAR 22-24 April 2008 4th Global Vegetation Workshop June 18, 2009

2. 4th Global Vegetation Workshop 2 July 5, 1973 August 13, 1984 June 30, 2000 Landsat’s role in understanding a changing Earth Landsat includes the acquisition, archival, and distribution of global, synoptic, and repetitive coverage multi-spectral imagery of the Earth's land surfaces at a scale where natural and human-induced changes can be detected, characterized, and monitored over time.

3. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 3 Driving the need for Landsat…  Science – understanding a changing planet  “Landsat is a climate instrument” – US CCSP  Operational applications – managing and monitoring resources for economic and environmental quality, public health and welfare, and national security  ALL require:  A global perspective  A long-term record of observation  Huge amounts of well-calibrated data

4. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 4 36+ Years of Continuous Landsat Global Land Observation  Landsat 1 was launched July 23, 1972 (MSS)  Landsat 2 was launched January 22, 1975 (MSS)  Landsat 3 was launched March 5, 1978 (MSS)  Landsat 4 was launched July 16, 1982 (TM)  Landsat 5 was launched March 1, 1984 (TM)  Landsat 6 was launched October 5, 1993, but never reached orbit  Landsat 7 was launched April 15, 1999, May 2003 SLC-Off (ETM+)  Landsat 8 is scheduled for launch in December 2012 http://landsat.usgs.gov/

5. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 5 Landsat 5 and 7 are still functioning…  Landsat 5 – 25 years since launch (March 1, 1984)  TM - functioning normally  No on-board data recorders  Landsat 7 – nearly 5 years beyond design life  1999 Launch  ETM+ - Scan Line Corrector Failure  Robust global acquisitions Both satellites have enough fuel to operate through 2012.

6. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 6 And…  On December 8, 2008, the USGS made the entire 36- year long Landsat archive available to anyone via the Internet at no cost.  GeoTIFF format  Orthorectified “GIS-ready”  Calibrated across missions and instruments

7. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 7 Free Landsat Data…  Newly acquired Landsat 5 and 7 data with <30 percent cloud cover are automatically processed and placed on- line for immediate downloading.  All other Landsat scenes (over 2.2 million) are available at no charge via an on-demand ordering and downloading capability.  Initial experience - significant demand…  In 2001 - 19,300 Landsat images were distributed to users.  In January 2009, nearly 73,000 scenes were downloaded – an average of almost 2400 scenes per day.

8. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 8 Landsat Level 1T (L1T) Specification  Pixel size:15m/30m/60m  Media type:Download (no cost)  Product type:L1T (precision & terrain corrected)  Output format:GeoTIFF  Map projection:UTM  Datum:WGS84  Orientation:North up  Resampling:Cubic convolution Landsat holdings are accessible via: GloVis (glovis.usgs.gov) Earth Explorer (earthexplorer.usgs.gov)

9. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 9 Changes and improvements are underway…  NASA and the USGS are developing the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), which will further extend the global land record.

10. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 10  Launch date – December 2012  5 year mission design life with 10 years of consumables  Support seasonal, global, image data collection  World Reference System – 2 (WRS-2), mid-morning equatorial crossing, 16 day repeat  Collect, ingest, and archive at least 400 global WRS-2 scenes/day for U.S. archive  Operational Land Imager (OLI) - 9 spectral bands - 30 m for VIS/NIR/SWIR, 15m for PAN  Instrument data will be quantized in 12-bits

11. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 11 LDCM Milestones  OSTP directed NASA and USGS to implement the LDCM as a “free-flyer” satellite in Dec., 2005  NASA and USGS signed Final Implementation Agreement in April, 2007  Operational Land Imager (OLI) contract was awarded to Ball Aerospace Technology Corporation in July, 2007  Atlas V launch vehicle was selected in Oct. 2007  Spacecraft contract was awarded to General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems in April, 2008  Mission Operations Element (MOE) contract awarded to The Hammers Company in September, 2008  Key Decision Point - B review on September 25, 2008  Mission Preliminary Design Review (PDR) is scheduled for July, 2009 leading to a Key Decision Point - C review in Oct., 2009

12. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 12 Programmatic Status  LDCM approved to proceed into Project Life Cycle Phase B  Key Decision Point – B (KDP-B) Review (Initial Confirmation) conducted on September 25, 2008 –As a NASA Category 1 Mission, LDCM requires highest level approval of the Agency Program Management Council chaired by NASA Associate Administrator, Chris Scolese, to initiate each phase of the project life cycle –Phase B is the system preliminary design phase following concept studies, Pre-Phase A, and concept and technology development, Phase A –LDCM spent 9 years in formulation, re-formulation, Pre-Phase A, and Phase A LDCM at KDP-B

13. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 13 KDP-B Process  In preparation for KDP-B, LDCM conducted a System Requirements Review/Mission Definition Review/Preliminary Non-Advocate Review in May 2008  System Requirements Review (SRR) –Examines functional and performance requirements defined for the system and ensures the requirements and the selected concept will satisfy the mission  Mission Definition Review (MDR) –Examines proposed requirements, mission architecture, and flow down to all functional elements of the mission to ensure the overall concept is complete, feasible, and consistent with available resources  Preliminary Non Advocate Review (PNAR) –PNAR is conducted as part of the MDR to provide Agency management with an independent assessment of the readiness of the project to proceed to Phase B (mission executable within current cost and schedule)  SRR/MDR/PNAR is conducted by a Standing Review Board (SRB)  Independent review panel which conducts system level reviews and follows mission for entire development life cycle  Role of the SRB –Provides expert assessment of technical and programmatic approach, risk posture, and progress against baseline –Advisory role to Agency –Makes recommendations to improve performance or reduce risk –Provides independent cost and schedule assessments

14. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 14 New LDCM Launch Readiness Date  Major finding of System Requirements Review  Original launch readiness date, July, 2011 was considered excessively aggressive and added risk to the mission –“The existing LDCM development schedule is not achievable. There is less than a 20% chance that the July 24, 2011 Launch Readiness Date (LRD) can be achieved.”  Mission schedules must reflect a 70% confidence level (70% chance of making launch date)  Reconciliation of numerous independent schedule assessments and project’s own assessment resulted in a retargeted 70% confidence launch date for LDCM  Through KDP-B Process  Retargeted launch date to December, 2012 –Provides appropriate level of confidence –Approved by NASA Agency Program Management Council

15. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 15 NASA/USGS Partnership  The NASA Associate Administrator and the USGS Associate Director of Geography, signed a “Final Implementation Agreement” for LDCM in April 2007  NASA Responsibilities  Development of Space Segment, Launch Segment, and the Mission Operations Element (MOE)  Lead mission development as the system integrator and lead the missions systems engineering for all mission segments throughout development, on-orbit check-out, and acceptance  Accountable for mission success through on-orbit check-out and acceptance across all mission segments  USGS Responsibilities  Development of the Ground System (comprised of the Flight Operations and Data Processing and Archive Segments), excluding procurement of the MOE  Lead, fund, and manage the Landsat Science Team  Lead LDCM mission operations, after the completion of the on-orbit checkout period

16. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 16 Operational Land Imager (OLI)  Pushbroom VIS/NIR/SWIR sensor  Four-mirror telescope with front aperture stop  FPA consisting of 14 sensor chip assemblies, passively cooled  Aperture 135 mm  F number 6.4  36 um / 18 um detectors (MS / Pan) Contract awarded to Ball Aerospace Technical Corp. (BATC) July 2007 Critical Design Review Completed Oct. 2008 Courtesy of BATC

17. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 17 OLI Spectral Bands

18. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 18 System Enhancements  Studies by the Earth Observer-1 (EO-1) Science Team consistently found that Advanced Land Imager (ALI) data offered improved ability to classify images, detect land cover change, and map environmental features and conditions relative to ETM+ data (1) (2) (3) (2) (1) Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR)

19. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 19 Focal Plane Consists of 14 Modules Focal Plane Module (FPM )  Each Module contains SiPIN and HgCdTe detectors mounted on a single readout chip (ROIC) ─ Spectral Filters above the detectors provide separation into bands Courtesy of BATC

20. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 20 Focal Plane Module Uniformity  Need filters and detector responses to be ‘the same’ (<0.5%) for all 14 FPMs  Need precise alignment to eliminate clocking or other errors (will be known prelaunch)  Eliminate seams and bowing effects  Have to account for timing differences between pixels in image reconstruction Possible bowing Possible seams Possible clocking FPM Filters over detectors Timing Lag Courtesy of BATC

21. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 21 OLI Status  OLI Critical Design Review (CDR) successfully conducted Oct. 27-30, 2008  Hardware  The flight telescope components have been integrated –All four flight mirrors are integrated into the optical bench –Telescope alignment is in progress  The Engineering Design Unit (EDU) focal plane assembly is in thermal / vacuum testing  Flight calibration lamp assemblies are complete  Baseplate is under contract  Flight Instrument Support Electronics chassis is complete with flight electronic boards in progress  Flight SiPIN detectors (the Vis/NIR detectors) are in fabrication –Testing of EDU sensor chip assemblies revealed anomalies in detector response –Formulation revised for flight detector fabrication

22. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 22 Launch Vehicle In September 2007, the Atlas V 401 launch vehicle was selected for LDCM by the Kennedy Space Center.

23. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 23 LDCM Spacecraft Contract awarded to General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (GDAIS) in April 2008 Courtesy of GDAIS

24. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 24 LDCM Spacecraft COMMAND & DATA HANDLING cPCI architecture; RAD750 CPU 3.1 Tbit (BOL) solid state recorder 265 Mbps peak OLI data transfer 26.2 Mbps peak TIRS data transfer High rate PB at 384 Mbps ELECTRICAL POWER Single wing single axis articulated GaAs solar array provides 4300 W at EOL 125 amp-hour NiH 2 battery Unregulated 22 V - 36 V power bus Two power distribution boxes GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION & CONTROL 2 of 3 star trackers active High precision IRU Honeywell reaction wheels SADA with damper 3-axis stabilized Zero momentum biased STRUCTURE Aluminum primary structure Externally mounted components Clear instrument FOVs Clear instrument radiative paths THERMAL CONTROL Passive with heaters Constant conductance heat pipes (if needed) PROPULSION Hydrazine blow-down propulsion module Eight 22N Redundant Thrusters COMMUNICATIONS S-band to GN/LGN: 1, 32kbps uplink: and 2k,16k, 32k, or 1 Mbps downlink Omni antennas TDRSS - SA: 1 kbps return and 2 or 32 Kbps forward X-band: 384 Mbps science data Courtesy of GDAIS

25. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 25 Spacecraft Status  System Requirements Review (SRR) held Sept. 3-4, 2008  GSFC and GD worked together to ensure all SRR concerns adequately addressed –Major areas of concentration included instrument interfaces (both OLI and TIRS) and resolution of open requirements  Delta SRR was successfully conducted on Dec. 17 th  General Dynamic held a successful Preliminary Design Review on March 31 - April 01  Design includes an OMNI X-band antenna for data downlink to ground stations including those operated by international cooperators.

26. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 26 Mission Operations Element (MOE)  NASA awarded The Hammers Company a contract in Sept., 2008 to build the MOE per a reimbursable agreement with USGS  Provides the primary means to control and monitor the spacecraft  Mission planning and scheduling  Command and control  Monitoring and analysis  Flight dynamics  Onboard memory management  The MOE will be installed in the Mission Operation Centers (MOC’s)  Launch MOC will be located at Goddard  MOE System Requirements Review (SRR) successfully conducted in Nov.  1st instance of the MOE delivered to GSFC in Nov.  Off-The-Shelf version

27. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 27 Additional Instruments?  The spacecraft contract with General Dynamics required that the spacecraft be “scarred” for two additional instruments  Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) –In May 2008, NOAA announced that TSIS is back on NPOESS –TSIS no longer an option for LDCM  Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) –NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has initiated development of TIRS for the General Dynamics LDCM spacecraft on an aggressive schedule that does not delay launch –Direction to manifest TIRS on the LDCM payload is pending NASA HQ direction

28. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 28  NASA Authorization Act of 2008 signed into law Oct. 15, 2008  SEC. 205. LANDSAT THERMAL INFRARED DATA CONTINUITY.  (a) Plan- In view of the importance of Landsat thermal infrared data for both scientific research and water management applications, the Administrator shall prepare a plan for ensuring the continuity of Landsat thermal infrared data or its equivalent, … As part of the plan, the Administrator shall provide an option for developing a thermal infrared sensor at minimum cost to be flown on the Landsat Data Continuity Mission with minimum delay to the schedule of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission.  EXPLANATORY STATEMENT REGARDING H.R. 1105, OMNIBUS APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2009 (Signed by President Obama, March 11):  Landsat data continuity mission (LDCM).--Funding of $10,000,000 is provided to initiate development of a thermal infra-red sensor (TSIS). NASA is directed to identify the earliest and least expensive development approach and flight opportunity for TSIS. (NB - “TSIS” was an error. Direction pertains to the thermal sensor, TIRS) Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)

29. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 29 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)  NASA President’s FY10 Budget Request (announced May 07, 2009)  “Starting in FY2009, NASA will develop a Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instrument, to be flown on LDCM or (potentially) some other spacecraft. A decision as to which spacecraft will carry TIRS will be made by summer of 2009. Meanwhile, funding for TIRS (approximately $150-175M) is now carried within the LDCM budget.”

30. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 30 TIRS Status  NASA GSFC has initiated development of TIRS for the LDCM spacecraft  NASA HQ directed GSFC to begin a Phase A instrument study in July, 2009 on the basis of Congressional interest in continued thermal imaging –GSFC established TIRS specifications and developed instrument concept  TIRS development has progressed through three successful reviews by independent board –System Concept Review held October 17, 2008 –System Requirements Review held February 02 - 03, 2009 –Preliminary Design Review held May 27 - 28, 2009  Baseline design meets or exceeds TIRS requirements  Aggressive TIRS development schedule maintains Dec. 2012 LDCM launch readiness data –TIRS delivered for observatory integration by Dec., 2011

31. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 31  120 m resolution was felt to be sufficient to resolve most center-pivot irrigation fields in U.S. West - typically 400 to 800 m in diameter  Landsat satellites provide 16 day repeat imaging -- sufficient for water consumption estimation  Landsat 4 & 5 TM’s provided 120 m thermal images for a single thermal band  Landsat 7 ETM+ provided 60 m thermal images for a single thermal band  A two band instrument will enable atmospheric correction so that more accurate surface temperatures can be derived. LDCM Thermal Requirements

32. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 32 TIRS Instrument Overview  2 channel (10.8 and 12 um) thermal imaging instrument  Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) detector built in-house at Goddard  <120 m Ground Sample Distance (100 m nominal)  185 km ground swath (15° field of view)  Operating cadence: 70 frames per second  Pushbroom design  Scene select mirror to select between 2 calibration sources  Two full aperture calibration sources: onboard internal calibration and space view  Passively cooled telescope operating at 140K  Actively cooled (cryocooler) FPA operating at 43K  Mass 250 kg  Size: Approx 1m x 1m x 2m Deployed Earth Shield Telescope Radiator Cryocooler Radiator Nadir View Baffle Scene Select Mechanism Space View Baffle

33. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 33 Scene Mechanism Scene Mirror Nadir Spaceview Calibration Hot Calibration Target Telescope Optics QWIP FPA Instrument Deck Interface Baffle TIRS Optical Sensor Unit TIRS Instrument Diagram

34. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 34 Spacecraft View MEB Cryocooler Electronics Nadir Baffle Deployable Earth Shield TIRS OLI

35. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 35 Landsat Science Team: Current Working Groups (issues)  Future Missions  Recommendations for future missions - standards- requirements  What constitutes “operational”?  Long Term Goals and Purpose of Landsat Missions (Climate emphasis - land cover ECV)  Data Gap Working Group  Recommendations for an operational plan for the USGS to acquire moderate resolution data during a data gap  Global Consolidated Landsat Archive  More images outside the US Archive than within  Considerable overlap, but difficult to resolve  Provide guidance on priorities

36. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 36 Outstanding Issues  Surface Reflectance and Temperature  Recommendations for standard products  Need derived products  Carbon Mapping and Monitoring  White paper on state-of-the-art  Operational land cover change monitoring  Definition and implementation of a standard product  Cloud screening the archive  Routinely cited as the primary impediment to more automated use of Landsat imagery over large areas/multiple time periods  Reconstructing the history of the surface of Earth in the satellite era  A community agenda  Continuity  Behind in authorizing and building Landsat 9; community advocacy is needed  Definition of longer term sensing scenarios  What should happen after L9?

37. June 18, 20094th Global Vegetation Workshop 37 Summary  Good progress towards implementation of the LDCM as a free-flyer - Program has advanced to Phase B  Ball Aerospace Technology Corporation is building the OLI –OLI Critical Design Review successfully conducted in Oct., 2008  Atlas V launch vehicle was selected in Oct., 2007  General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems awarded spacecraft contact in April, 2008 - SRR competed; PDR scheduled in March  Mission Operations Element contract awarded to The Hammers Company in Sept., 2008  Ground system development underway at USGS EROS –Preliminary Design Review scheduled for September, 2009  Launch readiness date rescheduled from July, 2011 to December, 2012  TIRS implementation remains to be determined  Successful TIRS Preliminary Design Review conducted May 27 - 28, 2009  The Mission Preliminary Design Review scheduled for July 14 - 16  Leads to Fall Key Decision Point - C (KDP-C) review and authorization to proceed to Phase C - Final Design and Fabrication Phase  New bands, Free data policy, Top quality data  is Landsat: resolutions, ground segment, archive, global coverage, LTAP……..