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Genetics
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The scientific study of heredity Heredity is the passing on of traits from parent to offspring
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Generations P generation –Parental generation F1 generation –First filial F2 generation –Second filial
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Hybrids Offspring of parents with different traits
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Traits Trait: specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
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Gregor Mendel Austrian monk Born in 1822 in what is now the Czech Republic Took care of the monastery garden
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Gregor Mendel Studied pea plants Fertilization: male and female reproductive cells join –Produces a new cell which is the offspring
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Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s pea plants: –Called True-Breeding plants –Self-pollinate Pollen from the plant would fertilize it’s own flower
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Mendel’s Experiments If they were to self-pollinate, the new plants would look exactly like the parent plant
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Mendel’s Experiments Cross pollinated peas in order to see different characteristics
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Cross Pollination Take pollen from one plant and fertilize a different plant Caused different characteristics to come out in the new plants
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Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s Peas: –Cross pollinated peas with different traits to see what the offspring would look like
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Mendel’s Experiments Mendel looked at traits: –Seed color –Seed shape –Pod color –Height
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Genes and Dominance Mendel’s First Conclusion: –Biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next These factors are called genes
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Genes and Dominance Genes: chemical factors that determine traits –Genes have many forms –Alleles: different forms of genes Example: yellow seed and green seed
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Genes and Dominance Mendel’s Second Conclusion –Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive This is called the Principle of Dominance
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Principle of Dominance If an individual has a dominant allele for a particular trait, that trait will always be seen If the individual has the recessive form, the trait will sometimes be seen (if the dominant gene is not present)
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Segregation Mendel wanted to answer: Did the recessive gene disappear or was it still present? –Allowed the F1 generation to produce an F2 generation Crossed some F1 plants in order to see the offspring
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F1 Cross The recessive traits re-appeared in the F2 generation! –In the F1 generation, the dominant allele hid the recessive allele causing only the dominant trait to be seen
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Segregation Segregation: separation of the alleles –Occurs during gamete production –Gamete: sex cells When each F1 plant flowers and produces gametes, the two alleles segregate so that each gamete has only one copy of each gene
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