1. The Power of Pilgrimage Monday, February 19, 2001

2. The structure of pilgrimage, 1: sacred places Natural openings to or living places for spirits –mountains, caves, wells, etc. Places where deities have communicated with humans –miracles, locations of sacred objects, martyrdoms, places of messages

3. Review of rites of passage Separation Liminality Return or re-aggregation

4. Structure of pilgrimage, 2: movement through space Separation –emotional power of separation from community life –purification rites Liminality –ordeals –communitas Re-aggregation –retracing steps –de-purification –re-incorporation

5. Aparecida do Norte The sacred object –the 17th century discovery by 3 fishermen –the miracle The miraculous powers of the object –promessas

6. Aparecida do Norte: the pilgrimage Separation –purification: fasting, abstinence; leaving jewelry; confession Liminality –ordeal: little sleep –communitas re-aggregation –feast upon return –special mass and report to church

7. Pilgrimage to Mecca One of 5 pillars of Islam The sanctity of the destination: Kaba and plain of Arafat

8. Structure of pilgrimage to Mecca Separation –bodily practices Liminality –ordeal –communitas (Malcolm X; the tawaf) Re-aggregation –sacrifice of lamb –return: shaving of heads; feasts