1. 1 Economic Models for Open Access William Y. Arms Department of Computer Science Cornell University www.cs.cornell.edu/wya/papers/PSP.ppt Professional and Scholarly Publishing

2. 2 The Challenge Authors are best served by open access to their work BUT...Scholarly information benefits from professional staff. Professional staff need to be paid How can we reconcile these requirements?

3. 3 Two Fallacies 1. The Luddite Publishing Fallacy Academic authors will never change. Prestige is determined by which journals a researcher publishes in. The prestigious journals make the rules. 2. The Free Lunch Fallacy Web publishing costs nothing. Therefore groups of researchers should publish their own research. There is no need to waste money on publishers.

4. 4 A Note about Costs Academic publishing is not free, but... 1. Authoring, editing and review are often carried out by volunteers. 2. Open access systems are easy to manage: Restricting access to information is technically difficult. Administration of rights and permissions becomes trivial if authors retain copyright.

5. 5 Four Economic Models Example: Broadcast Television Open Access 1. Advertising network television 2. External funding public broadcasting Restricted Access 3. Subscription cable 4. Pay-by-usepay-per-view

6. 6 The Trend has Begun New economic models allow open access to previously closed information OldNew Books in Print (subscription)Amazon.com (advertising) Medline (pay-by-use)Grateful Med (external) Journal (subscription)ePrint archives (external) Westlaw (pay-by-use)Legal Information Institute (external) Inspec (subscription)Google (advertising)

7. 7 Hypotheses 1. A mixture of economic models will coexist. 2. Author pressures will emphasize open access models at the expense of closed access. 3. Eventually, we will find a mix of economic models that provide open access to most research.

8. 8 The Search for Open Access: Advertising Today: Web search engines -- heavily used by scholars and professionals. Future: Opportunity for widely read journals in prosperous fields: Science Communications of the ACM

9. 9 The Search for Open Access: Fees and Services Today: Some publications are funded by meeting fees: The Internet RFC series Future: Academic conferences could use part of the conference fee to pay the costs of open access to the proceedings.

10. 10 The Search for Open Access: The Researcher as Publisher The researcher has great incentive to have work well known: 1. Research web sites 2. Personal pages Eugene Garfield

11. 11 The Search for Open Access: The Government as Sponsor The government pays for much of scientific research: 1. DARPA requires all sponsored projects to maintain informative web sites. 2. The National Institutes of Health provides a great amount of information with open access. 3. Major NSF projects increasingly provide web sites. Digital Libraries Initiative

12. 12 The Search for Open Access: Government Support Today: Los Alamos ePrint Archive Genome database Government statistics Future: Subject to vagaries of public funding........ but may be part of long-term

13. 13 Today: National Research Council The World Wide Web Consortium RLG DigiNews Future: University ePrint Repositories The Search for Open Access: Producing Organization Pays The producing organization has the greatest motivation!

14. 14 The Challenge Authors are best served by open access to their work BUT...Scholarly information benefits from professional staff. Professional staff need to be paid These requirements can be reconciled.