1. Environment and Subsistence Chronology and climate Landscape Archaeology Plants & Environment Animals & Environment

2. Chronology & Climate Reconstruction on a macro- scale/global changes in water sources. Oceans Ice Sheets Coast Lines

3. Climate & Past Lifeways Changes in climate also affected cultures. Major differences in ice age vs. Holocene populations. Lifeways change such as onset of settlements, population increase, domestication, etc.

4. Ocean Ocean floor sediments accumulate slowly. Consist of microfossils called foraminifera (one-celled marine organisms that live in surface water and sink when they die) which are environmentally sensitive. Deep sea cores show change through time in environment (in some cases up to 2 million years ago).

5. Deep Sea Cores Coring Split Core http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/CORE_REPOSITORY/RHP5c.html

6. Ice Sheets Also use oxygen isotope samples from ice sheets. information gathered from Greenland Ice Core Project can be applicable to archaeology.

7. Greenland Ice Core Project Movie clip of drill and structure. http://www.glaciology.gfy.ku.dk/ngrip/billeder_eng.htm

8. Coast Lines Change in climate affected available land. During last glacial maximum sea level was about 120 meters lower than at present. Siberia and N. America where connected. British isles and mainland also connected.

9. Changes in coast lines http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/beri ng_land_bridge/downloads/beringland bridge1m.mov 18,000 years ago, a "land bridge" emerged as sea level fell. http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm- heritage/background/channelform. htm#map1

10. Landscape Archaeology Glaciated Landscapes Varves Rivers Caves Buried Land surfaces

11. Glaciated Landscapes Glaciers wrought changes in northern North America, Europe. U-shaped valleys, polished rocks (petrified sea gardens). http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htm http://nsidc.org/glaciers/gallery/Taku_tidewater.html

12. Varves Glacial phenomenon of layers of sediment around the edges of glacial lakes. Thick layers of sediment represent warm years, thin layers represent cold years.

13. Varves Varves in cross-section, note alternating clay and sandy layers; knife haft = 10cm http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/varves.html

14. Rivers Changes in the course of rivers affected landscape/settlement Nile and Tigris/Euphrates river valleys were areas of early domestication due to rich floodplains.

15. Tigris Euphrates River Valley: Site of Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Baghdad

16. Caves Sediments deposited under certain conditions-wind, water, animals, people (i.e. tracking in mud). Soil micromorphology microscopic study of soil components important part of excavation of any site, but particularly cave. Info on source, soil formation, and human modified.

17. Dust Cave, Alabama

18. Buried Land surfaces Volcanic eruptions Bogs

19. Volcanic Eruptions: Pompeii When Vesuvius erupted on 24 August 79 AD it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many rich villas in the area.

20. Excavations 1910-1961 Excavating through ash layers Pompeii. House of the Vettii. Paintings http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy_except _rome_and_sicily/pompeii/ac880908.html

21. Pompeii-Casts of bodies http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/italy _except_rome_and_sicily/pompeii/thumbnails _contents.html

22. Plants & Environment Microbotanical Remains Pollen, etc. Macrobotanical Remains Seeds, nuts, etc. Environmental Sensitive Conifers vs. Deciduous Grassland vs. Forests

23. Animals & Environment Microfauna Mice, rodents. Macrofauna Large mammals, fish, invertebrates. Environmentally Sensitive Large bodied=cold climates, Small=warm. Certain species in certain habitats.

24. Environment and Subsistence Environment significantly affects human subsistence. Foragers-Gather wild plants and animals. Resource Catchment areas Subsistence Variability Domestication Species domesticated Reason for domestication