1. Learning Process and Influences on Learning Chapters 2 and 3 Instructors and Their Jobs W.R. Miller and M.F. Miller

2. Learning Process Need understanding of basic theory Elements of successful learning Intelligence Attention Interest Vary instructional strategies

3. Principles of Learning Learning through experience Direct and deliberate associations Psychomotor learning Develop gradually and practice for refinement Cognitive learning New learning can only result from thinking Role of memory Associations transfer from short- to long-term

4. Learning Process By trial and error Inefficient By observation Limited to behaviors By doing Participation in psychomotor and cognitive learning Answer questions silently Critique ideas Disagree and try to defend ideas See specific applications of principles

5. Transfer of Learning Transfer knowledge to new setting Facilitate by: Thinking of alternatives Questioning Applying knowledge

6. Repetition or Practice More complex – more repetition Frequent, short periods Review sessions Frequent quizzes and drills

7. Feedback and Reinforcement Immediate feedback Reinforcement provides motivation

8. Students as Individuals Mental ability Personal interests Emotional stability and maturity Experience Knowledge Physical coordination Learning speed

9. Diversity Ethnic and racial backgrounds Gender Educationally disadvantaged GPA < 2.0, fail minimum competency exam, or test scores in lower 25 th percentile Economically disadvantaged Disabilities

10. Key Learning Terms Aptitude Potential to achieve in area Ability Actual level of performance Achievement Attainment of goals based on standards Intelligence Ability to learn

11. Instructor’s Influence Attitude Relationship and behavior Identification with learner Instructor behavior Motivation Reward and punishment Reprimand