1. HI136 The History of Germany Lecture 16 West Germany

2. The Basic Law Based on 4 key principles: Based on 4 key principles: The rule of law The rule of law Democratic participation for all Democratic participation for all Federalism Federalism Social welfare Social welfare Established the Federal Republic of Germany as a federal parliamentary democracy with separation of powers between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of government. Established the Federal Republic of Germany as a federal parliamentary democracy with separation of powers between the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of government. Bi-cameral parliament: Bi-cameral parliament: Bundestag – Elected every 4 years through universal suffrage. 50% of members directly elected, 50% elected through party lists. Parties need to win over 5% of the vote to gain representation. Bundestag – Elected every 4 years through universal suffrage. 50% of members directly elected, 50% elected through party lists. Parties need to win over 5% of the vote to gain representation. Bundesrat – Made up of representatives of the Länder, has the power to approve or veto legislation. Bundesrat – Made up of representatives of the Länder, has the power to approve or veto legislation. President of the Republic – a largely ceremonial head of state elected by Bundestag members & representatives of the federal Länder. President of the Republic – a largely ceremonial head of state elected by Bundestag members & representatives of the federal Länder. Chancellor – head of government & elected by the Bundestag. Can only be removed from office through a constructive vote of no confidence. Chancellor – head of government & elected by the Bundestag. Can only be removed from office through a constructive vote of no confidence. Länder have extensive powers over administration, education, law & order. Länder have extensive powers over administration, education, law & order. Federal Constitutional Court – based on the US Supreme Court, designed to protect the constitution and had powers to settle disputes between the federal government and the Länder. Federal Constitutional Court – based on the US Supreme Court, designed to protect the constitution and had powers to settle disputes between the federal government and the Länder.

3. Party Politics SPD – Basically the same party which had existed since 1875. Espoused a programme calling for public ownership & a planned economy. Committed to reunification and opposed European integration in the 1950s. From 1959 moved away from its Marxist roots towards a more inclusive and moderate position. SPD – Basically the same party which had existed since 1875. Espoused a programme calling for public ownership & a planned economy. Committed to reunification and opposed European integration in the 1950s. From 1959 moved away from its Marxist roots towards a more inclusive and moderate position. Christlich Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Union, CDU) – a break from the pre-1933 parties that amalgamated the constituency of the old Centre Party with a number of centre-right groups. Formed in June 1945, it was based on the principles of Christian Socialism & stood for free market economics and opposed economic liberalism & social democracy. Christlich Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Union, CDU) – a break from the pre-1933 parties that amalgamated the constituency of the old Centre Party with a number of centre-right groups. Formed in June 1945, it was based on the principles of Christian Socialism & stood for free market economics and opposed economic liberalism & social democracy. Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, FDP) - Founded in Dec. 1948, it stood for individualism and liberalism & appealed to those who were alienated by the socialism of the SPD & the Clericalism of the CDU. Despite its small size & limited electoral strength it wielded considerable power & influence, often acting as ‘kingmaker’. Members of the FDP served in nearly every federal coalition between 1949 & 1990, and it provided 2 of West Germany’s 5 Presidents. Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, FDP) - Founded in Dec. 1948, it stood for individualism and liberalism & appealed to those who were alienated by the socialism of the SPD & the Clericalism of the CDU. Despite its small size & limited electoral strength it wielded considerable power & influence, often acting as ‘kingmaker’. Members of the FDP served in nearly every federal coalition between 1949 & 1990, and it provided 2 of West Germany’s 5 Presidents.

4. The 1949 Bundestag Elections Party%deputies CDU/CSU31,0%139 SPD29,2%131 FDP11,9%52 KPD/DKP5,7%15 DRP1,8%5 DP4,0%17 BP4,2%17 Zentrum3,1%10 Sonstige9,1%16 Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard and President TheodorHeuss, 1949

5. Election Results Source: T. Kirk, Cassell’s Dictionary of Modern German History (2002)

6. Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Born in Cologne, he was a devout Catholic and passionate Rhinelander. 1917-33: Served as mayor of Cologne. 1921-33: Chairman of the Prussian Council of State. 1934: Imprisoned by the Nazis. 1948-49: Chairman of the Parliamentary Council. 1949-63: Chancellor of the FRG. Pragmatic & authoritarian he has been compared to Bismarck and Stresemann. Determined to integrate Germany into Western Europe, but did too little to address the problems of the recent past.

7. The Spiegel Affair (1962) The affair tested limits of freedom of the press. News magazine Spiegel had reported the Bundeswehr’s limited readiness for conflict with Russians. Spiegel offices were occupied by police, Augstein arrested, as well as the article’s author. The Defence Minister lost his job after lying about his involvement in the arrests; Adenauer himself only lasted to 1963. Popular demonstrations began to free Augstein; beginnings of widespread protest culture? Copies of Der Spiegel being confiscated from the magazine’s offices.

8. West Germany after Adenauer 1965-69: Grand Coalition. 1965-69: Grand Coalition. 1969 election: CDU = 46.1% of vote, SPD = 42.7%, FDP = 5.8% - SPD-FDP Coalition formed under Willy Brandt. 1969 election: CDU = 46.1% of vote, SPD = 42.7%, FDP = 5.8% - SPD-FDP Coalition formed under Willy Brandt. Wide-ranging reforms: marriage & family law modernized, welfare reform & educational reform. A response to growing unrest in the 1960s. Wide-ranging reforms: marriage & family law modernized, welfare reform & educational reform. A response to growing unrest in the 1960s. 1974: Brandt forced to resign in spy scandal. 1974: Brandt forced to resign in spy scandal. 1982: SPD & FDP unable to agree on a budget – vote of no- confidence brought the CDU’s Helmut Kohl to power. 1982: SPD & FDP unable to agree on a budget – vote of no- confidence brought the CDU’s Helmut Kohl to power. 1983 election: CDU won nearly 50% of the vote, the Green Party emerges as a national political party with 5.4% of the vote & 27 deputies in the Bundestag. 1983 election: CDU won nearly 50% of the vote, the Green Party emerges as a national political party with 5.4% of the vote & 27 deputies in the Bundestag. A move to the right in the 1980s, accompanied by efforts to cast off the stigma of Nazism & take pride in being German. A move to the right in the 1980s, accompanied by efforts to cast off the stigma of Nazism & take pride in being German.

9. Konrad Adenauer (CDU) 1949-1963 Ludwig Erhard (CDU) 1963-1966 Kurt Georg Kiessinger (CDU) 1966-1969 Willy Brandt (SPD) 1969-1974 Helmut Schmidt (SPD) 1974-1982 Helmut Kohl (CDU) 1982-1998

10. Why were extremist parties not successful? Allied control: parties needed concession of High Commissioner. Allied control: parties needed concession of High Commissioner. SRP forbidden 1951 by Federal Constitutional Court. SRP forbidden 1951 by Federal Constitutional Court. KPD forbidden 1956 by Federal Constitutional Court. KPD forbidden 1956 by Federal Constitutional Court. Right wing parties as Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteteten (BHE) absorbed by CDU/CSU. Right wing parties as Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteteten (BHE) absorbed by CDU/CSU. Nationalist takeover of Liberal party (FDP) prevented by Allies (arrest of leaders). Nationalist takeover of Liberal party (FDP) prevented by Allies (arrest of leaders). Economic success story. Economic success story.

11. The Wirtschaftswunder (‘economic miracle’) Rapid economic growth after 1949 Rapid economic growth after 1949 Reasons for ‘economic miracle’: Reasons for ‘economic miracle’: Introduction of the Deutschmark halted inflation. Introduction of the Deutschmark halted inflation. US investment through the Marshal Plan ($4.4 million). US investment through the Marshal Plan ($4.4 million). Large, adaptable workforce (partly made up of refugees from Eastern Europe). Large, adaptable workforce (partly made up of refugees from Eastern Europe). German determination to pull together for the national good – few disputes between labour and capital. German determination to pull together for the national good – few disputes between labour and capital. Germany had fewer burdens on her exchequer than other powers – no overseas commitments, colonial wars etc. Germany had fewer burdens on her exchequer than other powers – no overseas commitments, colonial wars etc. The Korean War (1950-53) increased demand for industrial goods and removed reluctance to buy German goods – exports boomed. The Korean War (1950-53) increased demand for industrial goods and removed reluctance to buy German goods – exports boomed. Unemployment fell from 1.9 million in 1950 to 200,000 in 1961. Unemployment fell from 1.9 million in 1950 to 200,000 in 1961. GNP trebled during the 1950s, annual growth averaged just under 8% GNP trebled during the 1950s, annual growth averaged just under 8% Gap between rich and poor widened, but standards of living rose across the board – average income for industrial workers rose by 250% between 1950 and 1962. Gap between rich and poor widened, but standards of living rose across the board – average income for industrial workers rose by 250% between 1950 and 1962.

12. The Social Market Economy Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977), Economics Minister (1949-63) and Chancellor (1963-66). Ludwig Erhard (1897-1977), Economics Minister (1949-63) and Chancellor (1963-66). The free market allowed to drive the economy, with minimal state interference. The free market allowed to drive the economy, with minimal state interference. The role of the state to pick up the slack left by the market and introduce welfare measures to cancel out the inequalities caused by capitalism. The role of the state to pick up the slack left by the market and introduce welfare measures to cancel out the inequalities caused by capitalism. General agreement that the state should provide a safety net to make sure that citizens did not fall below a certain standard of living. General agreement that the state should provide a safety net to make sure that citizens did not fall below a certain standard of living. Equalization of Burdens Law (1950): transferred wealth from the well off to provide for those who had lost everything during the war. Equalization of Burdens Law (1950): transferred wealth from the well off to provide for those who had lost everything during the war. Introduction of 40 hour working week. Introduction of 40 hour working week. 1957: Pensions increased & index-linked so they would keep pace with cost of living. 1957: Pensions increased & index-linked so they would keep pace with cost of living.

13. Dealing with the Nazi Legacy Measures to confront the Nazi past limited in the 1950s. Moves to compensate victims of National Socialism, extremist parties banned by the Constitutional Court. But many former Nazis in the civil service – Hans Globke, head of the Chancellors Office (1953- 1963) had drafted Nazi anti- Semitic legislation in the 1930s. The judiciary reluctant to censure sadistic Nazi judges. Damaged Germany’s reputation abroad & led to a feeling that the Germans had buried their heads in the sand rather than confronting the legacy of National Socialism. Hans Globke (1898-1973)

14. Foreign Policy Adenauer’s aims: Adenauer’s aims: International recognition by integration, Democratisation by Westernisation. International recognition by integration, Democratisation by Westernisation. Reconciliation with France. Reconciliation with France. Close relationship with United States – essential for security in bipolar international system (Soviet Threat) Close relationship with United States – essential for security in bipolar international system (Soviet Threat) Aims of the Western Powers: Aims of the Western Powers: Defeat German militarism and idea of revenge by integration. Defeat German militarism and idea of revenge by integration. Factors which helped rehabilitation: Factors which helped rehabilitation: Perceived Soviet Threat: especially after 1949 (Soviet Atomic Bomb) – German participation needed, good bargaining position for Adenauer: concessions. Perceived Soviet Threat: especially after 1949 (Soviet Atomic Bomb) – German participation needed, good bargaining position for Adenauer: concessions. Korean War (1950-1953). Korean War (1950-1953).

15. Foreign Policy 1951: Signing (in Paris) of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). 1951: Signing (in Paris) of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). 1952: Signing (in Paris) of the European Defense Community (EDC). The ‘Stalin note’ offering a united neutral Germany. 1952: Signing (in Paris) of the European Defense Community (EDC). The ‘Stalin note’ offering a united neutral Germany. 1954: Signing of the Paris Agreements. FRG/BRD is invited to join NATO permitting West German rearmament and Italy and the FRG/BRD accede to the Western European Union (WEU). 1954: Signing of the Paris Agreements. FRG/BRD is invited to join NATO permitting West German rearmament and Italy and the FRG/BRD accede to the Western European Union (WEU). 1955: Full sovereignty returned to the Federal Republic. 1955: Full sovereignty returned to the Federal Republic. 1957: The Treaty of Rome is signed establishing the European Economic Community. The Saar returns to Germany as a Land (to be followed in 3 years by economic reintegration). 1957: The Treaty of Rome is signed establishing the European Economic Community. The Saar returns to Germany as a Land (to be followed in 3 years by economic reintegration). 1963: French-German Friendship Treaty is signed in Paris. 1963: French-German Friendship Treaty is signed in Paris. 1969-72: Ostpolitik = attempts to normalize relations between the two German states. 1969-72: Ostpolitik = attempts to normalize relations between the two German states. 1972: Basic Treaty – German states agree to develop good relations, settle disputes without force & respect one another’s independence. 1972: Basic Treaty – German states agree to develop good relations, settle disputes without force & respect one another’s independence.

16. Anti-Authoritarianism By the 1960s increasing resistance to the authoritarian social conservatism of the Adenauer era. Intellectual opposition – resisted ‘petit-bourgeois’ values of the Adenauer era. Materialism – Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse warned of late-industrial capitalism creating ‘one-dimensional man’, alienated by consumerism & ‘latent authoritarianism’ of liberal state. Generational Conflict – a new generation untainted by Nazism & war growing up – increasingly suspicious of the parental generation. Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979)

17. Anti-Authoritarianism Opposition to re-armament (‘ohne mich’). Student Politics: Anti-nuclear Anti-Vietnam war Calls for greater student democracy & reform of universities 1965-69: Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (Ausserparlamentarische Opposition, APO) staged protest marches, demonstrations etc. 1968: demonstrations in German cities. Socialist German Students’ League poster: ‘Everyone’s talking about the weather. Not us.’

18. Terrorism The Red Army Faction (RAF) or Baader-Meinhof Gang formed by former student radicals frustrated by the failure of the mainstream student movement to change German society. Aim to unmask latent authoritarianism of state by provoking police overreaction. Targeted symbols of capitalism, such as bankers, as well as former NSDAP members, but also US military. Founder generation leaders all in prison by 1972. 1977: RAF & the Palestinian Liberation Organization hijacking Lufthansa plane in Mogadishu foiled by special forces. RAF leadership commit suicide in prison shortly afterwards. 1972: anti-terrorist laws increase police powers & require job applicants to undergo political scrutiny.

19. Conclusion The Federal Republic became a stable parliamentary democracy. The Federal Republic became a stable parliamentary democracy. Nevertheless, continuity with the past, particularly under Adenauer. Nevertheless, continuity with the past, particularly under Adenauer. Rapid economic recovery leading to prosperity. Rapid economic recovery leading to prosperity. But this brought its own problems: But this brought its own problems: Student unrest Student unrest High taxes High taxes West Germany ‘a viable democracy with a distinctly conservative colouration.’ (Carr) West Germany ‘a viable democracy with a distinctly conservative colouration.’ (Carr)