1. THE APACHE

2. Their origin  Apache means ‘enemy’ in Zuni language (Nde)  Natives of Southwest deserts ( New Mexico, Arizona, Texas)  The ‘Plain Apache’ (Kiowa-Apaches): the only tribe living far from the others on the Plain, present Oklahoma  Reason: Some Apaches were captured and sent to live in Oklahoma by the Americans in the 1800‘s (there are other hypotheses as well)

3.  WA - Western Apache  N - Navajo  Ch - Chiricahua  M Mescalero  J - Jicarilla  L - Lipan (Lipek)  Pl - Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache)  30.000 Apaches living today

4. Lifestyle  Role of men: hunters, warriors, political leaders, chiefs of the tribe  Role of women: in charge of the home (cooking, children) building houses, but also taught to ride and shoot

5.  Both sexes involved in storytelling, artwork and music, and traditional medicine.

6. Housing  Most of the Apaches lived in wickiups  Plain Apaches lived in teepees

7. Skills  Bacame excellent riders after Europenas introduced horses to North-Amarica  Famous beadwork and basketry

8. Economy  Not primarily farming people, but hunters  Men for deer, antelope, small game; women for gathering nuts, seeds, and fruit  Very few domesticated plants  Ate corn frequently: either by trading with Pueblos and Navajos or raiding them  different ideas about warfare

9. Very brief history  First trading with newcomers (Spanish mostly)  Frequent conflicts when their land were endangered first with Mexicans, later with gold miners (‘The Apache War’, 1850’s) and with the government which forced the removal of an estimated 1,500 Apache from the Rio Verde Indian Reserve to the Indian Agency at San Carlos, 180 miles (290 km) away. Loss of several hundred lives.

10. Apaches today  13 different Apache tribes in US. Today: five in Arizona, five in New Mexico, and three in Oklahoma  Each Arizona and New Mexico Apache tribe lives on its own reservation  Each Apache tribe has its own government, laws, police, and services, just like a small country.

11. Thank you for your attention!