1. 1 Today, A Gameboy for $50, has more computing power than a Cray supercomputer of only 25 years ago. Tom Peters Circle of Innovation

2. 2 Information Technology in the Digital Age Chapters 3, 4, & 6

3. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 3 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Identify the major types, trends, and uses of computer systems. Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage. Provide examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications. Chapter Objectives

4. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 4 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. Give examples of several major types of application and system software. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. Chapter Objectives

5. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 5 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Identify several major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of telecommunications and Internet technologies. Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business. Chapter Objectives

6. 6 The Digital Economy  The digital economy refers to an economy that is based on digital technologies, including digital communication networks, computers, and software.  The digital economy is also sometimes called the Internet economy, the New economy, or the Web economy.

7. IT Architecture

8. 8 Although there is always a need for improved technology, the critical resource is intelligent resourceful people who can relate business needs to technology. James J. O’Connor

9. 9 Electronic Framework

10. 10 Information Architecture  Information architecture is a high-level map or plan of the information requirements in an organization.  In preparing information architecture, the designer requires two kinds of information: 1. The business needs of the organization—that is, its objectives and problems, and the contribution that IT can make. 2. The information systems that already exist in an organization and how they can be combined among themselves or with future systems to support the organization’s information needs.

11. 11 Architecture Example’s  APU’s Enterprise Architecture APU’s Enterprise Architecture  APU’s Information Architecture APU’s Information Architecture

12. 12 Components of Information Systems Hardware is a set of devices such as processor, monitor, keyboard, and printer. Software is a set of programs that enable the hardware to process data. Database is a collection of related files, tables, relations, and so on, that stores data. Network is a connecting system that permits the sharing of resources between computers. Procedures are the set of instructions about how to combine the above components. People are those individuals who work with the system or use its output.

13. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 13 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer System Components Central Processing Unit Output Devices Cache Memory Primary Storage Secondary Storage Devices Control Unit ALU Special Purpose Processors Output Devices Input Devices

14. 14 Computers  Supercomputer Supercomputer  Main Frame  Mini Computer  Microcomputers / PC’s

15. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 15 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Microcomputer Systems Handheld Computers –PDA, Information Appliances Notebook Computers Desktop Computers Workstations SMART Cards Network Server –Powerful microcomputer used in small LANs

16. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 16 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Common Input Devices ??

17. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 17 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Input Devices Keyboard Pointing Devices Pen Based Computing Speech Recognition Optical Scanning Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Smart Cards Digital Cameras

18. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 18 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Input Technology Trends First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Cards Paper Tape Punched Cards Paper Tape Punched Cards Punched Cards Key to Tape/ Disk Key to Tape/ Disk Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning Keyboard Data Entry Pointing Devices Optical Scanning Voice Recognition Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition Voice Recognition Touch Devices Handwriting Recognition Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural and Easy to Use

19. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 19 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Name Common Output Devices??

20. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 20 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common Output Devices Video Output –CRT –LCD Printed Output –Inkjet –Laser

21. 21 Communications Media Computer  Digital video interactive  Compact disc interactive  Computer simulation Motion / Still image  Slides / Overheads  Videodisc (cassette)  Motion pictures  Broadcast television  Teleconference/videoconference  Animation & Virtual Reality Audio  Tape/cassette/record/CD/DVD  Teleconference / Audio conference  Sound digitizing  Microphone Graphic materials  Pictures  Printed job aids  Visual Displays Text  Printouts

22. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 22 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Output Technology Trends First Generation First Generation Second Generation Second Generation Third Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Fifth Generation Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Punched Cards Printed Reports and Documents Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Audio Responses Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Audio Responses Printed Reports and Documents Video Displays Voice Responses Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents Video Displays Voice Responses Hyperlinked Multimedia Documents Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally, Quickly, and Clearly

23. 23 Emerging Display's OLED – Organic light- emitting diods

24. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 24 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Primary & Secondary Storage Media Semiconductor Memory Semiconductor Memory Magnetic Disks Floppy Disk Hard Disk, RAID Magnetic Disks Floppy Disk Hard Disk, RAID Magnetic Tape Optical Disks CD-ROM, CD-R CD-RW DVD Optical Disks CD-ROM, CD-R CD-RW DVD Access Speed Increases Storage Capacity Decreases Cost per Bit Increases Direct Access Sequential Access Direct Access Secondary Storage Primary Storage

25. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 25 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Basic Components in a Telecommunications Network Telecommunications Software Telecommunications Software 1 2 3 4 5 2 PCs, NCs, and Other Terminals Computers Telecommunications Channels and Media Telecommunications Processors

26. 26 Wire vs. Wireless Media Wire Twisted pair wire Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Wireless Cellular radio Microwave transmission Satellite transmission  Global positioning system Radio & Infrared light Bluetooth

27. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 27 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations. Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations. Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested. Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested. Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications. – Centralized Management Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications. – Centralized Management Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage. Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.

28. 28 Why Networks Need to share data, software, and hardware Centralized management Share access to outside sources

29. 29 Networks  WAN  LAN  PAN  VPN

30. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 30 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Local Area Networks Network Server Network Server Shared Database and Software Packages Shared Printer PC Internetwork Processor to Other Networks

31. 31 WAN’s  Network which extends geographical boundaries - distance  Network which joins remote networks – use of 3 rd party vendors  Network which extends existing resources  Change of protocols

32. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 32 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Wide Area Networks

33. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 33 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other E-business Networks Router Intranet Server Host System Intranet Server The Internet Fire wall Router Extranet

34. 34 LAN vs WAN

35. 35 Equipment  Repeaters  Bridges (DSU/CSU)  Routers  Hubs / Switches  Interface Cards (NIC)

36. 36 Connectivity Technologies  POTS  xDSL xDSL  ISDN  Cable Modem  56 Kbps  T1 – 1.544 Mbps  T3 – 43.232 Mbps  OC3 – 155 Mbps  OC12 – 622 Mbps  OC48 – 2.5 Gbit  OC192 – 9.6 Gbit  Frame Relay  Dedicated  ATM Connectivity ServicesConnectivity Speeds

37. 37 Topology  The topology of a network is the physical layout and connectivity of a network. Ring topology Bus topology Star network

38. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 38 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Topologies

39. 39 WebHog

40. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 40 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Internet’s TCP/IP Application or Process Layer Internet Protocol (IP) Host-to-Host Transport Layer Network Interface Physical Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer OSI Model

41. 41 Types of Software  Application software - set of computer instructions that directs computer hardware to perform specific processing activities. General Purpose Specific  Systems software - c ontrols and supports the computer hardware and its information processing activities between hardware and applications. System control programs System support programs System development programs

42. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 42 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functions of an Operating System Resource Management Resource Management Task Management Task Management User Interface User Interface File Management File Management Utilities and Other Functions Utilities and Other Functions

43. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 43 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Categories of Computer Software General- Purpose Programs General- Purpose Programs Application- Specific Programs Application- Specific Programs System Management Programs System Management Programs System Development Programs System Development Programs Application Software Application Software Computer Software Computer Software System Software System Software

44. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 44 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Common General Purpose Applications Electronic Mail Word Processing Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware Presence Awareness (IM)

45. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 45 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Browsers Discussion Groups Surf the Net Launch Information Searches E-Mail Multimedia File Transfer Typical uses of a Web Browser in Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Environments

46. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 46 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Database Management Packages Database Development Database Maintenance Database Interrogation Application Development Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages Primary Tasks of Database Management Packages

47. 47 Database Typology  A centralized database has all the related files in one physical location.  A distributed database has complete copies of a database, or portions of a database, in more than one location, which is usually close to the user.  A replicated database has complete copies of the entire database in several locations.  A partitioned database is subdivided, so that each location has a portion of the entire database.

48. 48 Database Management Systems  The program (or group of programs) that provides access to a database is known as a database management system (DBMS).  There are many specialized databases, depending on the type or format of data stored. A geographical information database A knowledge database A multimedia database

49. 49 Logical Data Organization There are three basic models for logically structuring databases:  Hierarchical  Network  Relational

50. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 50 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Technologies of Multimedia Video Capture Card Video Capture Card Authoring Language Authoring Language Storyboard Compact Disk Interactive Compact Disk Interactive Sound Board Compressed Audio Compressed Audio Digital Video Interactive Digital Video Interactive MIDI Computer Edit System Computer Edit System Interactive Video Interactive Video Digital Audio Multimedia Technologies

51. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 51 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Enterprise Application Software Customer Relationship Management Human Resource Management Accounting and Financial Management Supply Chain Management Enterprise Resource Planning Business Decision Support

52. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 52 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Internet Applications Surf and E-mail Internet Chat and Discussion Forums Download and Computer Search Engines E-Commerce Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Telnet Popular Uses of the Internet Popular Uses of the Internet

53. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 53 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Categories of Programming Languages Machine Languages Use binary coded instructions 1001 1100 1101 High Level Languages Use brief statements Compute X = Y + Z Markup Languages Use embedded control codes Assembler Languages Use symbolic coded instructions LOD Y ADD Z Fourth Generation Languages Use natural statements Object-Oriented Languages Define objects that contain data and actions Document.write (“Hi There”) First heading <!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)> SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

54. 54 Internet Oriented Languages  Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard language the Web uses for creating and recognizing hypermedia documents. Hypertext (hyperlinks.) Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)  Dynamic HTML makes Web pages more like dynamic applications and less like static content.  XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a language for defining, validating and sharing document formats.  Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is a file format for describing three-dimensional interactive worlds and objects.

55. 55 Internet Oriented Languages (cont.)  Java is an object-oriented programming language that gives programmers the ability to develop applications that work across the Internet.  JavaScript. is an object-oriented scripting language that allows users to add some interactivity to their Web pages.  ActiveX is a set of technologies that combines different programming languages into a single, integrated Web site.  ASP (Active Server Pages) is a Microsoft CGI-like technology that allows you to create dynamically generated Web pages from the server side using a scripting language.  PHP

56. 56

57. 57 Corporate Portals  A corporate portal refers to a company’s Web site that is used as a gateway to the corporate data, information, and knowledge. (Single Point of Entrance) Knowledge bases and learning tools Business process support Customer-facing sales, marketing, and service Collaboration and project support Access to data from disparate corporate systems Internal company information Policies and procedures Best practices and lessons learned Human resources and benefits

58. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 58 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Summary A computer system is a system of information processing components that perform input, processing, output, storage and control functions. Types of computers Peripheral devices used for input and output come in a variety shape and sizes. Future trends are towards devices that communicate naturally and are quick and easier to use.

59. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 59 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer software consists of two major types of programs: application software and system software. There are several basic types of telecomm networks, including wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). Chapter Summary (cont)

60. Eleventh Edition James A. O’Brien 60 Introduction to Information Systems Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Summary Organizations are becoming internetworked enterprises that use the Internet, intranets, and other telecommunications networks to support e- business. Telecommunications has entered a deregulated and fiercely competitive environment with many vendors, carriers, and services A major trend is towards pervasive use of the Internet and its technologies to build interconnected enterprise and global networks.

61. 61 AcronymFull NameDownstreamUpstreamMaximum Distance (C.O./user) IDSL Integrated DSL 128 Kbps 18,000 ft HDSL High Data Rate DSL 1.544Mbps 12,000 ft SDSL Symmetric DSL 1.544Mbps 10,000 ft ADSL Asymmetric DSL 8Mbps1Mbps12,000 ft RADSL Rate Adapter ADSL 7Mbps1Mbps18,000 ft VDSLVery High Rate DSL 51.84Mbps2.3Mbps1,000 ft