1. Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton

2. Cell stained with general protein stain shows the cytoskeleton

3. Filaments are made of small protein subunits

4. Single protofilament is easy to break

5. Multiple protofilaments are more stable

6. Lateral contacts make a strong filament

7. Cytoskeleton can reshape rapidly

8. Tubulin heterodimer is the microtubule subunit

9. Microtubule structure

10. Microtubules preferentially grow at the plus end

11. Dynamic instability of microtubules inside a cell

12. Rapid cytoskeletal changes in fruit fly embryo

13. DVD Clip 70

14. Growing and shrinking microtubules

16. Growing microtubule has GTP containing tubulin subunits at its end

18. DVD Clip 71

19. http://www.studiodaily.com/main/t echnique/tprojects/6850.html

20. Structure of actin

21. Nucleation is the rate limiting step

22. If actin filaments instead of actin subunits are starting point polymerization starts much faster

23. Actin binds to many different proteins

24. Intermediate filaments

25. Model of intermediate filament structure

26. Model of intermediate filaments

27. Intermediate filaments can withstand high levels of deforming force

28. Keratin filaments in an epithelial cell

29. Blistering of the skin caused by a mutant keratin gene Normal skin

30. Blistering of the skin caused by a mutant keratin gene Skin with mutated keratin gene

31. Blistering of the skin caused by a mutant keratin gene Cells rupture between the nucleus and the hemi- desmosomes

32. DVD Clip 69