1. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Chapter Communication Trends and Applications

2. Chapter Objectives Describe the status of information communication past and present List the factors that led to the growth of computer communications Outline a few sample communication applications Discuss the evolution of Wide Area Network communications and its current convergence to digital technology

3. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Information Communication Past and Present

4. Communication in the Past Known as Data Communications –Mostly concerned with alphanumeric data A highly specialized topic Focus –Mainframes –Analog telecommunication technology –WANs

5. Communications at Present Known as Information Communication –Data, image, audio and video communications A necessary topic for IT professionals Focus –Microcomputers –Digital communication technology –LANs, WANs etc. Internet –Internet, Intranet and Extranet

6. Data and Information Communication Data Information ImageAudio Computer Data Video Real-time streaming

7. Audio and Video Transmission Requirements –More bandwidth is required –Real-time transmission may also be required Solution –Compression –Streaming Note: Streaming includes compression as well

8. Comparison of Data and information Communication

9. Data and Information Communications Data CommunicationsInformation Communications Alphanumeric dataData, image, audio and video Mainframe focusedMicrocomputer focused Analog technologyDigital technology Specialized topicGeneral topic Private network basedInternet based WANsLANs and WANs Separate Voice and DataVoice and Data together

10. Key Words Mainframe Centralized Analog Data Telecommunication network LANs Distributed Digital Information Computer network (Internet)

11. Hosting Services Godaddy 1&1 MediaTemple Yahoo hosting service

12. Homework Difference between Internet, Intranet, Extranet Explore Godaddy and other hosting services Download, install and experiment with Microsoft Encoder and Audacity –Convert between different audio file formats

13. End of Module

14. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Opportunities and Certification

15. Opportunities in Communications Specialized knowledge is required for specialist in the communication field –Example: Network Engineer –Certification examinations are available for attesting to the special skills Some knowledge of communications is required of all in the computer field

16. Certification Microsoft Certification –MCSA & MCSE CISCO Certification etc. Network+ Certification Different vendors offer certifications at different levels of expertise –Contact their web sites for further information

17. Certification Websites Microsoft –http://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp /certifications.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp /certifications.mspx CISCO –http://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/l e3/learning_career_certifications_and_lear ning_paths_home.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/l e3/learning_career_certifications_and_lear ning_paths_home.html

18. Key Words Microsoft certifications –MCS* CISCO certification Network+

19. End of Module

20. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Information Communication Growth Factors

21. Information Communications: Growth Factors Internet Fast access technologies for the Internet ramp Emergence of microcomputers as a serious business and home computing tool and the focus on connectivity Move from large mainframe based infrastructure to LAN based structures Client-server computing architectures Emerging concept of terminal servers

22. Growth Factors Continued Home networking Digitization of telecommunication lines Wireless networking Multimedia on the Internet Internet security Virtual Private Network Voice over IP (VoIP)

23. Homework Fast access technologies –DSL, Cable, T1, T3, OC1, OC2 –Home fiber connections IBM business computers –Replacements for mainframes

24. End of Module

25. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Evolution Physical Network Architecture

26. Evolution Physical architecture –From mainframes to LAN based Functional architecture –Centralized mainframe based architecture to LAN based client-server architecture –In the case of LAN based architecture, client- server evolved following the initial introduction of the peer-to-peer network architecture –Client-server architecture is now followed by terminal server architecture

27. Early Mainframe-based Centralized Architecture Mainframe Modem Server External Analog Lines Front End Processor Mini- Computer Term. Concentrator Term.

28. Distributed LAN Based Architecture Fiber Optic Backbone (FDDI) or Switched Network Connectivity Mainframe/ Minicomputer Systems LAN WAN (Internet) Gateway (TCP/IP) Modem Gateway External Digital/ Analog Lines

29. Current Trend in Distributed Architecture Source: CISCO

30. Major Components of the Distributed Architecture Clients Servers Network interface cards Cables (copper and fiber) Switches Routers Internet ramps Internet

31. Key Words Mainframe based Centralized Distributed Fiber ring Fiber switches

32. End of Module

33. Homework Explore some of the Catalyst switches at Cisco

34. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Evolution of the Network Functional Architecture

35. Network Architectural Evolution Mainframe LAN –Peer-to-Peer –Client Server File server Application server Terminal server

36. Peer-to-Peer Networking Initial architecture of the LAN prior to client-server architecture Each client operates on equal footing in sharing resources Unlike the client-server architecture, there is no server on the network in peer-to-peer networking

37. P2P Sharing Basic sharing is supported –Files –Printers –Internet connection Large scale sharing of databases and other business applications are not included in P2P sharing

38. Client-Server Evolution Client-server architecture is always identified by the presence of a server The evolution of client-server can be traced to three sub-architectures that are based on the functional feature of the server –File server –Application server –Terminal server

39. Preview of File Server Computing Back-end data storage. Front-end computing Server Clients All the processing of the application is done at the client.

40. Preview of Application Server Computing Back-end data storage and local retrieval of data. Front-end interface and data manipulation tools. Server Clients Application processing is shared between the client and the server.

41. A Preview of Terminal Server Computing Powerful Terminal Server Thin Clients Front end processing limited to terminal operations Extensive back-end data storage, retrieval and Processing

42. Factors Used in the Comparison of Architectures Point of execution of applications Network traffic Security Hardware/Software requirements Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

43. Path of Evolution Centralized Mainframe Peer-to Peer Distributed Network Application Server Terminal Server More power to the user Better management of shared dataReduced cost of ownership File Server

44. Homework Browse for wiring closet, RJ-45 patch cables, wiring rack, punch block etc.

45. End of Module

46. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Digitization of Telecommunication Lines

47. Digitization Of Telecom Network Initial telecom network was based on analog technology –Copper wire –Electronic transmission –Coaxial cables and twisted pair cables Current telecom –Copper wires and fibers –Electronic and optical transmission –Fiber cables and twisted pair cables

48. Digital WAN Carrier Technologies DSL ISDN T1, T3 etc. OC1, OC3 etc.

49. WAN Communication Technologies FDDI and CDDI Frame Relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

50. Voice Transmission Past is based on analog technology Currently, it is moving to digital technology –VoIP

51. Access Speeds Fastest speed of an analog modem is around 56K bps Newer and mostly digital access technologies such as DSL can operate at faster speeds –Download speed is usually in Mbps –Upload speed is in Kbps ADSL and SDSL –In SDSL both upload and download speeds are the same

52. Typical DSL Speed Upload –128K bps Download –1.3M bps

53. Some DSL Providers Covad –http://www.covad.com/products/a ccess/dsl.shtmlhttp://www.covad.com/products/a ccess/dsl.shtml SBC –http://www02.sbc.com/DSL/http://www02.sbc.com/DSL/ DSL Extreme

54. Testing the Access Speed The current bandwidth of a connection can be tested by accessing websites that test the connection speed –www.dslreports.comwww.dslreports.com –www.2wire.comwww.2wire.com

55. Access Security www.grc.com

56. Summary of Access Technologies for the Internet Cable Modem Direct Satellite Access xDSL ISDN

57. End of Module

58. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Internet Architectures

59. Architectures Internet Intranet –An Internet restricted to the company’s own perimeter Extranet –Intranet extended to include outside organizations dealing with the organization

60. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Internet Defined Internet Backbone run by major carriers (TCP/IP etc.) Individuals SOHO User Company Network Internet Service Provider (ISP)

61. Intranet Defined Internal Company Backbone (TCP/IP) Mini or Mainframe Computer systems Departmental Computer System Departmental LAN Internet Firewall

62. Internet Extranet Defined Company’s Intranet Business Associates Other businesses dealing with company A. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

63. A Note on VPN Created by tunneling into the public network Tunneling is done largely by encrypting the computer data

64. Virtual Private Network (VPN) Internet Company’s Intranet Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Fire Wall

65. End of Module

66. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Internet Access

67. Access Analog Access Digital Access Remote execution Telecommuting

68. Analog Internet Access Gain access to the resources on the WWW. Software: Web Browser Micro Modem Serial Port Internet Access provider ISP

69. Digital Internet Access Gain access to the resources on the WWW. Software: Web Browser Micro DSL Modem Network Port Internet Access provider ISP

70. Computer to Computer Access Public Switched Network (PSN) Gain access to a company’s mainframe to run Unix applications Micro Modem Micro Modem Software: ProComm Plus, Hyper Terminal, PCAnywhere, Remote Desktop

71. Telecommuting PSN Main Office Satellite Office Home Terminal Services Terminal Server

72. Telecommuting Options Employer supported –Previous example falls into this category where the employer provides access to the office computer from home –Example: Terminal services User initiated –Gain access to one’s computer in the office –A remote control software is required –Examples: XP Remote Desktop and GoToMyPC

73. Some Communication Software Hyper Terminal Telnet FTP Procomm Plus Remote Desktop

74. Homework Dlink home network router Linksys home network router

75. Remote Operation Gotomypc logmein

76. End of Module

77. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Networks

78. Computer Networks Simple –A single LAN Intermediate –Departmental Enterprise –Campus LANs and organizational LANs Advanced –WANs such as an Internet based Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)

79. Typical Wired LAN Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Server: Network OS, Applications, Data etc. Server Operating System Client OS Windows 2000/2003, Linux Windows XP/Vista; Linux Switch

80. Typical Wireless LAN Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Server: Network OS, Applications, Data etc. Client OS Windows 2000/2003 Server, Linux Windows XP/Vista; Linux Wireless NIC Wireless Access Point

81. Some LAN Applications Share business applications Share data Share printers, modems etc. Share the Internet and Internet resources Send electronic-mail Engage in audio/video streaming and conferencing Act as the infrastructure for the.net or J2EE architecture

82. End of Module

83. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Network Security

84. Network security is an important issue given the fact that many computers are connected to the Internet using broadband connections

85. General Security Threats Viruses Denial of service attack OS vulnerabilities E-mail vulnerabilities Macro execution vulnerabilities Ect.

86. General Security Measures Anti-virus Anti-spyware Anti-spam software Firewalls –Both software firewalls and hardware firewalls can be installed

87. Secure Communications Cryptography –Encryption Virtual Private Network (VPN) IPSec and other secure protocols Digital signatures

88. Examples of Protocols for Secure VPN PPTP IPSec with encryption IPSec with L2TP SSL with encryption

89. Examples of Protocols for Trusted VPN MPLS with constrained distribution of routing information through BGP ("layer 3 VPNs") Transport of layer 2 frames over MPLS ("layer 2 VPNs") (Source: http://www.vpnc.org/vpn- standards.html )http://www.vpnc.org/vpn- standards.html

90. Encryption PKI RSA ? MD5 ? PGP SSH HTTPS DES AES

91. End of Module

92. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Wide Area Networks

93. WAN: The Early Days Telecommunication needs –Centered on analog technology Data communication needs –Centered around digital technology Digital to analog interface –For long distance computer communications

94. Long-distance Communications Digital Modulation Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) Analog Interface

95. Initial WANs Overcome the limitations of general purpose analog telephone lines Better conditioned lines such as leased lines were used on the network segment Driven by a collection of computers to route the data traffic from its source to its destination Arpanet was the first WAN that was created

96. A Summary of the Basic Components of the WAN Leased lines Computers/ Routing algorithms Routing devices

97. Present Status of WANs Information is carried in digitized form Digital communication lines –Over copper wire –Over fiber-optics Digital merger –Telecommunications –Computer communications

98. WANs: Present and Future Fully digital Technologies –Frame Relay –ATM Point-to-point digital communication will become the norm

99. ATM operating at several hundred Mbps Emerging WAN Digital Ramp Business Computer System ATM Switches High speed digital lines: OC3, OC48 etc.

100. Summary:Possible Convergent Technology Networks –Local –Enterprise –Wide area –Global ATM Point-to-point ATM connection may become possible?

101. ATM Possibility Server Client 1 Client 2 25 Mbps ISP 100 Mbps Internet Backbone 1 Gbps 300 Mbps

102. Likely Scenario Ethernet on the desktop Possibly, ATM on the backbone

103. Ethernet Challenge 10 Gbps 1 Gbps (Gigabit) 100 Mbps (Fast) 10 Mbps 1 Mbps (Past) Client 2 10 Mbps/ 100 Mbps/ 1 Gbps/ 10 Gbps Server ISP Client 1 Hub

104. Current Ethernet Speeds 1G bps used widely 10G bps is gradually gaining grounds 100G bps is on the horizon

105. Net Result At the local level (LAN) Ethernet will remain the technology of choice for the foreseeable future At the WAN level, ATM will dominate over other WAN technologies

106. The Digital Future: Fusion Digital fusion –Computing –Telecommunications Use of computers and the Internet in all forms of communications that would include data as well as all forms of media –An example is Voice over IP (VoIP)

107. Possible Scenario IP based universal digital communication over the Internet with IP addresses as the point of identification –Data, voice and video communication will be done over the Internet

108. Explore High-speed Internet 10 Gpbs solutions

109. End of Module

110. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Sample Applications

111. Some Application Areas Networking –Various server applications such as database server application, messaging server application etc. Web hosting and E-commerce Voice over IP (VoIP) Network Security

112. End of Module

113. © N. Ganesan, Ph.D., All rights reserved. Module Voice over IP (VoIP): Effect of Evolution

114. Voice Over IP (VoIP) VoIP is the digital replacement for the traditional analog phone line VoIP is based on the Internet –It is packet switched as opposed to the traditional phone service that is circuit switched

115. Voice Over IP Growth Growth of VoIP is fuelled by the economy of using the Internet and the technological advantage of the digital technology It signifies the inevitable use of digital technology and the Internet to carry voice VoIP is poised to grow and probably become the de facto public voice carrier technology

116. VoIP Challenges Latency inherent to the IPv4 protocol Availability of bandwidth

117. VoIP Remedies Newer protocol such as IPv6 is designed to address latency Faster Internet backbones such as those using Optical Carrier (OC) lines and ATM transport technologies are being introduced to increase the bandwidth of the communication lines

118. Long Term Developments Indications are that residential connections in the long term would evolve into Internet connections replacing the phone connection

119. Business and Residential End Points Instead of identifying an end point in a business or a residence with a phone number, it is plausible that the end point could be identified with a number similar to an IP address

120. VoIP Application: Broadband Phone Broadband phone may be touted as the first real sign of convergence between computer and telephone networks VoIP application in the form of broadband phone will also contribute to the growth of communication on the Internet

121. Broadband Phone Uses a DSL or cable modem connection Sample vendor –Vonnage Broadband phone is known as an Internet appliance

122. Emergence of Internet Appliances Internet appliances are devices that can be used without explicit programming The software code necessary will be stored in firmware in the appliances Functionalities of the appliances could well be chosen with the use of buttons that may resemble the buttons on a telephone dial pad

123. Internet Appliances A broad range of Internet appliances will then become available for residential use with the broadband phone featuring prominently as perhaps the most used Internet appliance Other Internet appliances may include Radios, Interactive TV, Evolving Palm Pilots etc.

124. End of Module End of Chapter

125. END OF MODULE END OF CHAPTER