1. Genetics Chromosome Number Fruit fly example: 8 chromosomes total
__ came from male parent
__ came from female parent

2. Genetics
Homologous chromosomes- paired chromosomes having genes for the same ____ located at the same _____ on the chromosome
______- having two of each kind of chromosome (__); normal body cells
Diploid cells have two complete sets of chromosomes/two complete set of genes

3. Genetics
Gametes (sex cells) of sexually reproducing organisms have only a _____ set of chromosomes
_______- having one of each kind of chromosome (__)
Fruit fly gametes would be n = 4

4. Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel
________- scientific study of heredity
_______ ______- Austrian monk who experimented using pea plants
Determined rules of inheritance
____________- joining of male & female gametes to form single cell

5. Genetics Genes & Dominance Studied 7 different pea plant ____
_____- a characteristic that can be passed on to offspring
For each trait, studied a contrasting character:
Ex. _____ _____- green or yellow

7. Genetics Original pair of plants = __ generation
Offspring = __ generation
_______- offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
Results?
Every offspring had a character of ____ ____of the parents

9. Chapter 11- Genetics Two conclusions:
Inheritance determined by ______ passed from one generation to the next
____- the functional units of inheritance
Each trait controlled by ___ gene with ___ contrasting forms
_______- alternate forms of a gene

11. Genetics Second conclusion called the principle of __________:
Some alleles are _______ and others are ________
________- an allele of a gene that is always expressed (__)
_________- an allele of a gene that is expressed only when the dominant allele is not present (__)

12. Genetics
Segregation
What had happened to _________ alleles (traits) in plants?
Mendel allowed __ plants to self-pollinate
Produced __ generation which showed recessive trait in 1 out of 4 plants (__ ratio)

14. Genetics Dominant allele ________ recessive trait in F1 generation
Reappearance in F2 generation showed that at some point alleles became ________
Mendel suggested that they _________ from one another during ______ formation

16. Genetics
Law of Segregation- states that every individual has ____ alleles of every gene;
when gametes are produced, each gamete receives ____ of these alleles

17. Genetics Probability & Punnett Squares
Every time Mendel repeated a particular cross, he obtained _________ results
¾ plants showed ________ trait; ¼ showed ________ trait
Mendel realized that __________ could be used to explain results

18. Genetics Genetics & Probability
__________- the likelihood that a particular event will occur
Two possible outcomes for a coin flip:
heads or tails
Probability of each occurring is _____
Chance of heads is 1 in 2, or ____

19. Genetics Chance of heads coming up three in a row?
Each flip is an ______________ event:
Probability of three heads in a row-
½ x ½ x ½ = ____
Way alleles segregate is _______, like a coin flip
Principles of probability can be used to ________ outcomes of genetic crosses

20. Genetics Punnett Squares
Gene combinations from a given cross can be determined using a ________ ______
Letters in Punnett square represent ______
________ from each parent are shown along one side and the top of the square
Used to _______ and _______ genetic variations resulting from a cross

22. Genetics
__________- if an organisms two alleles for a trait are the same
Can be homozygous dominant (__) or homozygous recessive (__)
_____________- when the two alleles for the same trait are different (__)
Homozygous = ________ for trait
Heterozygous = ________ for trait

23. Genetics
__________- the physical expression of the genes; how the trait looks
Ex.-
Tall; short; yellow seeds; green seeds
_________- allele combination that an organism contains
TT; Tt; tt

24. Genetics Probability & Segregation
Probability predicts that if the alleles _________, then a ___ phenotypic ratio should be seen
Each cross showed a 3:1 ratio
Mendel’s law of segregation proven correct

25. Genetics Since probabilities predict __________:
the larger the number of __________, the closer the _____ comes to the probability

26. Genetics Exploring Mendelian Genetics Mendel further investigated:
Alleles segregate-
but do alleles _________ together?
or are they __________ of one another?

27. Genetics Independent Assortment
Mendel followed two _________ genes through two generations
Crossed purebred plants for seed _____ and seed ______
Round, yellow seeds (____)
with
Wrinkled, green seeds (____)

28. Genetics Only provided hybrid plants needed for next cross
All F1 plants had genotype ____
F2 generation showed ___ plants that had phenotypes not found in the ________
So…
Alleles for different traits segregate ___________ of one another

30. Genetics Summary of Mendel’s Principles
Inheritance is determined by individual units called ______.
Genes passed from _______ to ________.
When two or more forms (_______) of a gene exist, some forms may be ________, others _________.

31. Genetics
In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has ___ copies of each gene – one from each parent.
These copies are _________ from one another during ______ (gamete formation)
Alleles for _________ genes usually segregate ___________ of one another

32. Genetics Complex patterns of Inheritance
Important exceptions to Mendel’s principles
Some alleles are _______ dominant nor recessive
Many traits controlled by ________ alleles, or multiple genes

33. Genetics Incomplete dominance Appearance of a ______ phenotype
Due to one allele being not completely _________ over another
3rd phenotype somewhere __ ________ the two homozygous phenotypes

35. Genetics Codominance Expression of _____ alleles
(ex. White bull crossed with a red cow yields a roan calf)
Both alleles contribute to the __________

36. Genetics Multiple phenotypes from multiple alleles
More common for multiple alleles to control a trait in a __________
Only two alleles of a gene can exist within the _______
Multiple ______ for a single _____ can be found within a population
Examples:
_____ _____- A, B, o
______ _____ ____- C, cch, ch, c

38. Genetics Polygenic Inheritance
Traits that are determined through expression of ___ ___ _____ genes
Polygenic traits show wide _____ of phenotypes
Ex- _________, __________, _______

41. Genetics Genetics & the Environment
Characteristics of any organism not solely determined by ______
Determined by interaction between genes and _________
Genes provide ____, how plan goes also depends on ___________