1. Air Pollution Chapter 18

2. Core Case Study: South Asia’s Massive Brown Cloud  Asian Brown Cloud Causes Chemical composition Areas impacted  Air pollution connects the world  Steps taken in China and India to reduce air pollution

3. The Asian Brown Cloud

4. Air Pollution in Shanghai, China, in 2004

5. 18-1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere?  Concept 18-1 The atmosphere is structured in layers, including the troposphere, which supports life, and the stratosphere, which contains the protective ozone layer.

6. The Atmosphere Consists of Several Layers  Atmosphere varies in Density Atmospheric pressure

7. Air Movements in the Troposphere Play a Key Role in Earth’s Weather and Climate  Troposphere 75–80% of the earth’s air mass Closet to the earth's surface Chemical composition of air Rising and falling air currents: weather and climate Involved in chemical cycling

8. The Stratosphere Is Our Global Sunscreen  Stratosphere Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions Much less water O 3, ozone layer, filters UV Location

9. Fig. 18-3, p. 470 Atmospheric pressure (millibars) 120 Temperature 75 0 200 400600800 1,000 110 Thermosphere 65 100 90 Mesopause 55 80 70 Mesosphere 45 60 Stratopause 35 50 Altitude (miles) Altitude (kilometers) 40 25 Stratosphere 30 Tropopause 20 Ozone layer 15 10 Pressure Troposphere 5 (Sea level) 0 –80 –40 0 40 80 120 Temperature (˚C) Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level

10. 18-2 What Are the Major Outdoor Pollution Problems?  Concept 18-2 Pollutants mix in the air to form industrial smog, mostly the result of burning coal, and photochemical smog, caused by motor vehicle, industrial, and power plant emissions.

11. Air Pollution Comes from Natural and Human Sources (1)  Air pollution  Natural sources Dust blown by wind Pollutants from wildfires and volcanoes Volatile organics released by plants Withdrawing groundwater

12. Case Study: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad Old Days (1)  Discovery of fire  Middle Ages  Industrial Revolution  London, England 1850s 1952: yellow fog Clean Air Act of 1956

13. Case Study: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad Old Days (2)  United States 1948: Donora, PA; first U.S. air pollution disaster 1963: New York City  Global problem

14. Some Pollutants in the Atmosphere Combine to Form Other Pollutants  Primary pollutants  Secondary pollutants  Air quality improving in developed countries  Much more needs to be done in developing countries Indoor pollution: big threat to the poor

15. Fig. 18-4, p. 472 Primary Pollutants COCO 2 Secondary Pollutants SO 2 NONO 2 Most hydrocarbons SO 3 Most suspended particles HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 H2O2H2O2 O3O3 PANs SourcesNaturalStationary Mobile Most NO 3 − and SO 4 2− salts

16. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (1)  Carbon oxides Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Sources Human health and environmental impact

17. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (2)  Nitrogen oxides (NO) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) Sources Acid deposition Photochemical smog Human health and environmental impact  Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) Sources Human health and environmental impact

18. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (3)  Particulates Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Fine Ultrafine Sources Human health and environmental impact

19. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (4)  Ozone (O 3 ) Sources Human and environmental impact  Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Hydrocarbons and terpenes Sources Human and environmental impact

20. Chemical Reactions That Form Major Outdoor Air Pollutants

21. Table 18-1, p. 473 Stepped Art

22. Statue Corroded by Acid Deposition and Other Forms of Air Pollution, RI, U.S.

23. Science Focus: Detecting Air Pollutants  Chemical instruments  Satellites  Nanotechnology  Biological indicators Lichens

24. Natural Capital: Lichen Species, Vulnerability to Air Pollutants

25. Case Study: Lead Is a Highly Toxic Pollutant (1)  Does not break down in the environment  Sources  Human health and environmental impact Most vulnerable

26. Case Study: Lead Is a Highly Toxic Pollutant (2)  Reduction of lead (Pb) Unleaded gasoline Unleaded paint  Still problems 2007: toys with Pb paint recalled Global ban on lead in gasoline and paint

27. Fig. 18-7, p. 476 SOLUTIONS Lead Poisoning PreventionControl Phase out leaded gasoline worldwide Replace lead pipes and plumbing fixtures containing lead solder Phase out waste incineration Remove leaded paint and lead dust from older houses and apartments Ban use of lead solder Sharply reduce lead emissions from incinerators Ban use of lead in computer and TV monitors Remove lead from TV sets and computer monitors before incineration or land disposal Ban lead glazing for ceramicware used to serve food Test for lead in existing ceramicware used to serve food Ban candles with lead cores Test existing candles for lead Test blood for lead by age 1 Wash fresh fruits and vegetables

28. Burning Coal Produces Industrial Smog  Chemical composition of industrial smog  Reduction of this smog in urban cities of the United States  China and smog Human deaths

29. Fig. 18-8, p. 476 Burning coal and oil Oxygen (O 2 ) Stepped Art Ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] Ammonia (NH 3 ) Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) Water vapor (H 2 O) Sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Sulfur (S) in coal and oil Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon (C) in coal and oil

30. Sunlight Plus Cars Equals Photochemical Smog  Photochemical Smog Chemical composition Sources  VOCs + NO 2 + Heat + Sunlight yields Ground level O 3 and other photochemical oxidants Aldehydes Other secondary pollutants  Human health and environmental impact

31. Fig. 18-9, p. 477 PANS and other pollutants Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Ozone (O 3 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Nitric oxide (NO) + Oxygen atom (O) Water vapor (H 2 O) Hydrocarbons UV radiation Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Nitric oxide (NO) Oxygen (O 2 ) Nitrogen (N) in fossil fuel Burning fossil fuels

32. Global Outlook: Photochemical Smog in Santiago, Chile

33. Denver’s Brown Cloud: http://www.infrastructurist.com/wp-content/uploads/brown-cloud.jpg

34. Several Factors Can Decrease or Increase Outdoor Air Pollution (1)  Outdoor air pollution may be decreased by Settling of particles due to gravity Rain and snow Salty sea spray from the ocean Winds Chemical reactions

35. Several Factors Can Decrease or Increase Outdoor Air Pollution (2)  Outdoor air pollution may be increased by Urban buildings Hills and mountains High temperatures Emissions of VOCs from certain trees and plants Grasshopper effect Temperature inversions

36. Fig. 18-11, p. 478 Warmer air Descending warm air mass Inversion layer Sea breeze Increasing altitude Decreasing temperature

37. 18-3 What Is Acid Deposition and Why Is It a Problem?  Concept 18-3 Acid deposition is caused mainly by coal-burning power plant and motor vehicle emissions, and in some regions, threatens human health, aquatic life and ecosystems, forests, and human-built structures.

38. Acid Disposition Is a Serious Regional Air Pollution Problem  Acid deposition, acid rain Formation Local versus regional problems Effects of prevailing winds Buffers Where is the worst acid deposition?

39. Fig. 18-12, p. 479 Wind Transformation to sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) Windborne ammonia gas and some soil particles partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts Wet acid depostion (droplets of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 dissolved in rain and snow) Nitric oxide (NO) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and NO Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts) Acid fog Lakes in shallow soil low in limestone become acidic Lakes in deep soil high in limestone are buffered

40. Fig. 18-13, p. 480 Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid deposition Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)

41. Acid Deposition Has a Number of Harmful Effects (1)  Human respiratory disorders  Aquatic ecosystems affected  Release of toxic metals

42. Acid Deposition Has a Number of Harmful Effects (2)  Leaching of soil nutrients  Loss of crops and trees  Damage to buildings, statues, and monuments

43. Fig. 18-14a, p. 481 Emissions SO 2 H 2 O 2 PANs NOx Acid deposition O 3 Others Direct damage to leaves and bark Reduced photosynthesis and growth Increased susceptibility to drought, extreme cold, insects, mosses, and disease organisms Soil acidification Tree death Leaching of soil nutrients Release of toxic metal ions Root damage Reduced nutrient and water uptake Acids Lake Groundwater

44. Science Focus: Hubbard Brook Study Effects of Acid Rain  White Mountains, NH, U.S.  Experimentation supports: Trees do not suffer from direct contact with acid rain Nutrients are leached out of the soil Effect of Ca 2+ on regrowth of the forest

45. We Know How to Reduce Acid Deposition  Prevention approaches  Clean up Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes and soil Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes

46. Fig. 18-15, p. 483 SOLUTIONS Acid Deposition PreventionCleanup Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes Reduce coal use Burn low-sulfur coal Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes Increase natural gas use Increase use of renewable energy resources Remove SO 2 particulates and NO x from smokestack gases Remove NO x from motor vehicular exhaust Tax emissions of SO 2 Reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency

47. Indoor Air Pollution

48. 18-4 What Are the Major Indoor Air Pollution Problems?  Concept 18-4 The most threatening indoor air pollutants are smoke and soot from wood and coal cooking fires (a hazard found mostly in developing countries) and chemicals used in building materials and products.

49. Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious Problem (1)  Developing countries Indoor burning Poor suffer the greatest risk  Developed countries Indoor air pollution is greater than outdoor air pollution

50. Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious Problem (2)  Why? 11 of the common air pollutants higher inside than outside Greater in vehicles than outside Health risks magnified: people spend 70–98% of their time is indoors

51. Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious Problem (3)  Who are at greatest risk from indoor air pollution? Children under 5 and the elderly Sick Pregnant women People with respiratory disorders or heart problems Smokers Factory workers

52. Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious Problem (4)  Four most dangerous indoor air pollutants Tobacco smoke Formaldehyde Radioactive radon-222 gas Very small particles  Sources of these pollutants  Human health risks

53. Indoor Air Pollution Is a Serious Problem (5)  Other possible indoor air pollutants Pesticide residue Pb particles Living organisms and their excrements E.g., Dust mites and cockroach droppings Airborne spores of molds and mildews  Sick-building syndrome

54. Some Important Indoor Air Pollutants

55. Science: Magnified View of a Household Dust Mite in a Dust Ball

56. Case Study: Radioactive Radon Gas  Sources  Human health risks  Testing for radon  Correcting a radon problem

57. Fig. 18-18, p. 485 Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers Open window Cracks in wall Openings around pipes Slab joints Wood stove Cracks in floor Sump pump Furnace Clothes dryer Slab Radon-222 gas Uranium-238 Soil

58. 18-5 What Are the Health Effects of Air Pollution?  Concept 18-5 Air pollution can contribute to asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, heart attack, and stroke.

59. Your Body’s Natural Defenses against Air Pollution Can Be Overwhelmed  Respiratory system protection from air pollutants Role of cilia, mucus, sneezing, and coughing  Effect of smoking and prolonged air pollution exposure Chronic bronchitis Emphysema

60. Major Components of the Human Respiratory System

61. Normal Human Lungs and the Lungs of a Person Who Died of Emphysema

62. Air Pollution Is a Big Killer  3 Million deaths per year world-wide Mostly in Asia Main causes  EPA: proposed stricter emission standards for diesel-powered vehicles  Link between international trade and air pollution Cargo ships and pollution

63. Premature Deaths from Air Pollution in the U.S.

64. 18-6 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution?  Concept 18-6 Legal, economic, and technological tools can help to clean up air pollution, but much greater emphasis should be focused on preventing air pollution.

65. Laws and Regulations Can Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution (1)  United States Clean Air Acts: 1970, 1977, and 1990  EPA National ambient air quality standards (NAAQs) for 6 outdoor criteria pollutants National emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

66. Laws and Regulations Can Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution (2)  Good news in U.S. Decrease in emissions Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel Cuts pollution  Developing countries More air pollution

67. Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved (1)  Rely on cleanup more than prevention of pollution  Raise fuel-efficiency for cars, SUVs, and light trucks  Better regulation of emissions of motorcycles and two-cycle gasoline engines  Regulate air pollution for oceangoing ships in American ports

68. Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved (2)  Why are airports exempt from many regulations?  Regulate greenhouse gas emissions  Ultrafine particles are not regulated  Urban O 3 levels too high

69. Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution Can Be Improved (3)  What about indoor air pollution?  Better enforcement of the Clean Air Acts  Is intense pressure needed from citizens to make improvements?

70. We Can Use the Marketplace to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution  Emission trading or cap-and-trade program Mixed reactions to program SO 2 emissions down significantly NO 2 will be tried in the future

71. There Are Many Ways to Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution  1980 –2006 SO 2 emissions from U.S. electric power plants decreased by 66% NO x emissions by 41% Particulate emissions by 28%  Older plants not governed by the same regulations  New cars have better emissions

72. Fig. 18-22, p. 491 SOLUTIONS Stationary Source Air Pollution Prevention Burn low-sulfur coal Disperse emissions above thermal inversion layer with tall smokestacks Remove sulfur from coal Remove pollutants after combustion Convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel Shift to less polluting energy sources Tax each unit of pollution produced Dispersion or Cleanup

73. Fig. 18-23, p. 491 SOLUTIONS Motor Vehicle Air Pollution PreventionCleanup Use mass transitRequire emission control devices Walk or bike Use less polluting fuels Improve fuel efficiency Inspect car exhaust systems twice a year Get older, polluting cars off the road Give large tax write- offs or rebates for buying low-polluting, energy efficient vehicles Set strict emission standards

74. Reducing Indoor Air Pollution Should Be a Priority  Greater threat to human health than outdoor pollution  What can be done? Prevention Cleanup

75. Fig. 18-24, p. 492 SOLUTIONS Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Cleanup or Dilution Clean ceiling tiles and line AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Ban smoking or limit it to well-ventilated areas Increase intake of outside air Change air more frequently Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Circulate a building’s air through rooftop greenhouses Prevent radon infiltration Use efficient venting systems for wood- burning stoves Use office machines in well-ventilated areas Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas

76. What Can You Do? Indoor Pollution: Ways to Reduce Your Exposure

77. We Need to Put More Emphasis on Pollution Prevention  Output approaches  New shift to preventing outdoor and indoor pollution Pressure from citizens

78. Fig. 18-26, p. 493 SOLUTIONS Air Pollution OutdoorIndoor Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use Reduce poverty Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves or solar cookers to poor families in developing countries Rely more on lower- polluting natural gas Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solar- produced hydrogen) Reduce or ban indoor smoking Transfer energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention technologies to developing countries Develop simple and cheap tests for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde