1. SOUTH AMERICA Midterm test and Grade Distribution Review South America FTAA & Hidrovia FTAA & Hidrovia Urbanization Urbanization Latin American City Model Latin American City Model Regional perspectives Regional perspectives

2. Midterm Grade Distribution Average = 64.8% C

3. Histogram

4. Scattergram: Map test & Midterm

5. Learning Tip (see outline) Content-intensive course Plan on reading a chapter each week: three hours. Reading for mastery is an active learning process. Highlighters encourages poor reading habits Detracts from successful learning. Make notes Focus on key ideas  Emphasize the way concepts and facts are structured.

6. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (CONTINUED) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Unique initiative

8. Hidrovía Paraguay- Paraná Navigation for barges up to 2.8 m draft. Exports of soybeans & minerals Major channel straightening, dredging, and removal of rock outcrops. Loss of wetland habitat

9. Urbanization The percentage of a country’s population living in urban areas 79% of 365 million Rural-urban migration Push Pull The “Latin American City” model

10. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial CBD Commercial Spine

11. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector CBD

12. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity CBD

13. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion CBD

14. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements CBD

15. GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements CBD Disamenity

16. Belém, Brazil

17. Planned housing: Zihuatanejo

18. Unplanned housing: Zihuatanejo

19. Spontaneous Housing Settlements: Favela in Rio de Janiero

20. Population Cartogram

21. The North Kourou

22. Andean countries

23. BRAZIL 26 states 175 million #5 in population and area

24. BRAZIL Ethnic diversity - European, African, and Amerindian Portugese & Roman Catholic Mineral resources: iron, aluminum ore, manganese, oil, and gas Newly industrializing country Social inequality

25. Rio de Janiero  Cultural capital  Capital 1763-1960  Cristo Redentor

26. Rio de Janeiro High rise apartment tower and favelas

27.  Forward capital  1957-60  What is the contested territory? BRASILIA

28. Growth Pole Theory Promote growth in the hinterland Concentrated investment  Create jobs in depressed areas  Reduce uneven concentrations of wealth  Decentralize industry “Ripples” of development Spread effects Backwash

29. São Paulo  Inland  Industrial centre  Business capital  25 million

30. There’s no place like home… Guarapiranga Reservoir

31.  Fazendas  Immigration  Skilled labor  Relative location  Minas Gerais  Power  Santos São Paulo’s Growth

32. Southern Cone Itaipu Dam