1. Women in Brazil & Chile Lisa Van Dell Political Economics of Latin America March 8, 2003

2. Overview Machismo & marianisma Brazil Chile

3. Machismo & Marianisma Dominance vs. Virginity “Nurturing” occupations Family life

4. Brazil

5. Brazil: Women in the Workplace 1970s & 1980s influx to service –70% of female workers –42% of male workers Economic participation –1970: 18% –1980: 27% –1990: 30% 1997: 40% of workforce 37% of managerial & administrative

6. Brazil: Women in the Workplace Percentage of male wage earned –Rio de Janeiro: 78% –Sao Paulo: 74% –Northeast: 64% –11-19% due to education or experience 1994 government found females earn 54% Associacao Nacional des Advogados Medicine, dentistry, engineering

7. Brazilian Women & Education Access at turn of the century Equal number of males and females More women studying law

8. Brazil: Women in Politics Full voting privileges in 1933 Under-represented in high levels –7% of congress –2 VP candidates –Several ministers Conselho Nacional de Direitos da Mulher

9. Brazilian Family Life 1988 women equal to husbands 2001 man cannot divorce non-virgin Mentalities changing faster than laws

10. Brazilian Women Today A World Bank report in 2000 stated Brazil as having “one of the widest gender wage gaps in Latin America”

11. Chile

12. Chile: Women in the Workplace 1850s & 1860s: urbanization 1879: Guerra del Pacifico & nursing 1887: Eloisa Diaz, 1 st doctor 1892: Matilde Trup, 1 st lawyer 1897-1935: 19% of graduates 1991: 27% of doctors, 48% of judges, majority of journalists

13. Chilean Women & Education Mid 1800s: reading, writing, sewing 1864: Antonia Tarrago, 1 st school 1872: Isabel Pinochet, 2 nd school 1876: Pinochet & Amunatequi Decree Today: –50% of primary & secondary schools –48% of higher education

14. Chile: Women in Politics 1949: full voting rights 1973: Pinochet & coup Dictatorship helped women’s rights

15. Chilean Family Life Center of society Obey husband –55% of men –40% of women Men help at home, women work –72% of men –90% of women

16. Chilean Women Today 1984: women benefit from work –80% of men –90% of women 1991: women concentrate on home –25% under 25 –61% over 65 Sevicio Nacional de Mujer

17. Thank you! Questions?