1. PSYCHOLOGY MOTIVATION

2. MOTIVATION Motivation deals with the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and organizations. 1.Instinct Approaches; Born to be motivated. Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned. Unable to agree on what the primary instincts are. They are 18 (in 1908)to 5759 (in 1924) but they are merely labels for behavior.

3. MOTIVATION 2.Drive-Reduction Approaches: It is a theory suggesting that when people lack some basic biological requirements such as water, a drive to obtain that requirements (in this case, the thirst drive) is produced. It is a theory suggesting that when people lack some basic biological requirements such as water, a drive to obtain that requirements (in this case, the thirst drive) is produced. Drive is a motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need. Drive is a motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need. Basic kinds of drives called “ primary”, contrast with “secondary”. Basic kinds of drives called “ primary”, contrast with “secondary”.

4. MOTIVATION 2.Drive-Reduction Approaches (cont.): We usually try to satisfy a primary drive by reducing the need underlying it. We usually try to satisfy a primary drive by reducing the need underlying it. The reason for such behavior is “homeostasis”. The reason for such behavior is “homeostasis”. Homeostasis is the process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual, balanced internal state. Homeostasis is the process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual, balanced internal state.

5. MOTIVATION 3.Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction. It is the belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary. It is the belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary. Table 10-1. Table 10-1. If the levels of stimulation and activity are too low, we will try to increase them. If the levels of stimulation and activity are too low, we will try to increase them.

6. MOTIVATION 4.Incentive Approaches ; Motivation’s Pull. It is the theory explaining motivation in terms of external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior. It is the theory explaining motivation in terms of external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior. In this view, properties of external stimuli largely account for a person’s motivation. In this view, properties of external stimuli largely account for a person’s motivation. Drives and incentives may work together in motivating behavior. Drives and incentives may work together in motivating behavior.

7. MOTIVATION 5.Cognitive Approaches; The Thoughts Behind Motivation. The focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world. The focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world. Expectancy-Value theory, based on two kinds of cognitions underlie our behavior. Expectancy-Value theory, based on two kinds of cognitions underlie our behavior. Our expectation that a behavior will cause us reach a particular goal. Our expectation that a behavior will cause us reach a particular goal. Our understanding of the value of that goal to us. Our understanding of the value of that goal to us.

8. MOTIVATION 5.Cognitive Approaches ( cont.); Cognitive theories draw a key distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Cognitive theories draw a key distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment, rather than for any tangible reward that it will bring us. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment, rather than for any tangible reward that it will bring us. In contrast, extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for a tangible reward. In contrast, extrinsic motivation causes us to do something for a tangible reward.

9. MOTIVATION 6.Maslow’s Hierarchy; Ordering Motivational Needs. It is a hierarchy shows how our motivation progresses up the pyramid from a basis in the broadest, most fundamental biological needs to higher- order ones. It is a hierarchy shows how our motivation progresses up the pyramid from a basis in the broadest, most fundamental biological needs to higher- order ones. Only when the basic lower-order needs are met can a person consider fulfilling higher-order needs. Only when the basic lower-order needs are met can a person consider fulfilling higher-order needs.

10. MOTIVATION Self- actual- ization Esteem Love and belongingness Safety needs Physiological needs

11. MOTIVATION 6.Maslow’s Hierarchy (cont.); The most basic needs are the physiological needs such as needs for water, food, sleep, sex and the like. The most basic needs are the physiological needs such as needs for water, food, sleep, sex and the like. Safety needs, come next, that were people need a safe, secure environment in order to function effectively. Safety needs, come next, that were people need a safe, secure environment in order to function effectively. Love and belongingness needs include the need to obtain and give affection and to be a contributing member of some group or society. Love and belongingness needs include the need to obtain and give affection and to be a contributing member of some group or society.

12. MOTIVATION 6.Maslow’s Hierarchy (cont.); Esteem relates to the need to develop a sense of self-worth by knowing that others are aware of one’s competence and value. Esteem relates to the need to develop a sense of self-worth by knowing that others are aware of one’s competence and value. Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way. Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way. But how to validate the ordering of the stages and how to measure self- actualization objectively. But how to validate the ordering of the stages and how to measure self- actualization objectively.

13. MOTIVATION It is useful to employ several theories simultaneously in order to understand a particular motivational system. We proceed to consider specific motives, such as the needs for food, achievement, affiliation, and power. What are the biological and social factors that underlie hunger?

14. MOTIVATION Need for achievement is a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence. Need for affiliation is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people. Need for power is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual.

15. PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY

16. PERSONALITY How do psychologists define and use the concept of personality? What do the theories of freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality? What are major aspects of trait, learning, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality? How can we most accurately assess personality? What are the major types of personality measures?

17. How do psychologists define and use the concept of personality? Personality refers to the relatively enduring characteristics that 1. Differentiate one person from anther 2. Lead them to act in a consistent and predictable manner. 3. Both in different situations and over extended periods of time.

18. The theories of the structure and development of personality According to psychoanalysts, much of behavior is caused by parts of personality that are found in the unconscious and of which we are unaware. Freud’s theory suggest that personality is composed of the id, the ego, and the superego.

19. MOTIVATION