2. Based on course materials In the classroom For professor and peers Based on your research In a variety of venues For novice to expert in your field

3. Objective What is the assignment? What is my unique contribution? Audience What do they already know? What do they expect from me? Format Where will I be giving the presentation? What technology (etc.) will be available to me? Time When will I be giving this presentation? How much time do I have?

4. Complex sentences Low frequency words Extensive citation Written arguments Simple sentences Repetition Definition of key terms Short key passages (incorporated into visual aids) Oral arguments

5. In order to encourage Americans to buy more cars and therefore stimulate the automobile industry, a new program called “Cash for Clunkers” was announced today by President Obama. Today President Obama announced a new program called “Cash for Clunkers.” He hopes the program will encourage Americans to buy more cars and therefore stimulate the automobile industry.

6. Having prepared herself by memorizing long lists of vocabulary words and making stacks of flashcards, Heather knew she was as prepared as she could be to take the GRE exam, which she needed to get a good score on in order to get into graduate school.

7. Heather had prepared herself to take the GRE exam by memorizing long lists of vocabulary words and making stacks of flashcards. She knew she was as prepared as she could be. She needed to get a good grade on the exam in order to get into graduate school.

8. Honda sold 1.1 million cars last year by increasing their advertising targeted to single female drivers. By increasing their advertising targeted to women, 1.1 million cars were sold by Honda last year.

9. S urgeons performed more open-heart surgeries in 2010 than in the previous three years combined. More open-heart surgeries were performed in 2010 than in the previous three years combined Cigarette advertisements are designed to appeal to pre-teen and teenage children. Tobacco companies design advertisements to appeal to pre-teen and teenage children. A new program called “Cash for Clunkers” was announced today by President Obama. Today President Obama announced a new program called “Cash for Clunkers.

10. Use short, simple sentences Lead with the subject Avoid passive construction

11. The lead scientist poured 20cc acid into the beaker. 20cc acid was poured into the beaker.

12. Introduction State topic clearly: what is the problem you are addressing and how have you solved it? Outline your points Define any difficult terms or concepts Contextualize your topic Body Give background motivation: why does your audience care? Enumerate each point individually Refer to your thesis throughout Give examples/evidence/methods/results Conclusion Restate your thesis Summarize your points Give suggestions for further research

13. Introduction Welcome Explanation of the structure Body Europe Asia Africa Conclusion Summing up Recommendations

14. Speech markers that guide your audience

15. I'd like to start by... Let's begin by... First of all, I'll... Starting with... I'll begin by... Introducing the subject Well, I've told you about... That's all I have to say about... We've looked at... Finishing one subject... Now we'll move on to... Let me turn now to... Next... Turning to... I'd like now to discuss... Let's look now at......and starting another

16. Where does that lead us? Let's consider this in more detail... What does this mean for ABC? Translated into terms of... I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy: Analyzing a point and giving recommendations For example,... A good example of this is... As an illustration,... To give you an example,... To illustrate this point... Giving an example

17. In conclusion,... Let's sum up, shall we? I'd like now to recap... Let's summarize briefly what we've looked at... Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... If I can just sum up the main points... Summarizing and concluding Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... First of all...then...next...after that...finally... To start with...later...to finish up... Ordering

18. Use aids to support, not dominate Refer to them throughout Give audience time to absorb Have a back- up plan

19. Body Language Be confident Gesture for emphasis Pronunciation Articulate Use conversational delivery Pitch Avoid monotone Speed Speak deliberately Breathe Volume Project Speak louder to emphasize Pauses Stop before (and after) for emphasis

20. You will be familiar with the material. You can identify and correct weaknesses. You can practice difficult pronunciations. You can time the length and incorporate visual aids.

21. Anticipate and prepare. Stay calm. Breathe. Compose your thoughts. Thank the questioner. Ask for clarification. Be honest if you have no answer. Stand up for your position. Agree to disagree. Take notes.