1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case Microbiology B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION TORTORA FUNKE CASE Chapter 8, part A Microbial Genetics

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terminology GeneticsStudy of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated GeneSegment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Terminology GenomeAll of the genetic material in a cell GenomicsMolecular study of genomes GenotypeGenes of an organism PhenotypeExpression of the genes

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings E. coli Figure 8.1a

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flow of Genetic Information Figure 8.2

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polymer of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine Double helix associated with proteins "Backbone" is deoxyribose-phosphate Strands held together by hydrogen bonds between AT and CG Strands are antiparallel DNA Figure 8.4

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Figure 8.3

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Figure 8.5

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA is copied by DNA polymerase In the 5  3 direction Initiated by an RNA primer Leading strand synthesized continuously Lagging strand synthesized discontinuously Okazaki fragments RNA primers are removed and Okazaki fragments joined by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase DNA

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Figure 8.6

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA replication is semiconservative DNA Figure 8.7

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA is transcribed to make RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promotor sequence Transcription proceeds in the 5  3 direction Transcription stops when it reaches the terminator sequence Transcription

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.8

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RNA processing in Eukaryotes Figure 8.12

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings mRNA is translated in codons (3 nucleotides) Translation of mRNA begins at the start codon: AUG Translation ends at a STOP codon: UAA, UAG, UGA Translation Figure 8.2

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Translation Figure 8.9