1. There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom ! 1. “.. Computing machines are very large. They fill rooms. Why can’t we make them very small ?… For instance the wires should be 10 or 100 atoms in diameter and the circuits should be a few thousand angstroms across…. ” 2. “The electron microscope is not good enough. … It can only resolve 10Angstroms. I would like to try and impress upon you…. The importance of improving the electron microscope by 100 times. It is not impossible. It is not against the laws of diffraction of the electron…. So, it should be possible to see individual atoms” 3. “ I am not afraid to consider the final question as to whether, ultimately, in the great future, we can arrange the atoms the way we want, the very atoms, all the way down !” By Richard Feynman, APS Annual Meeting, 29 Dec. 1959, at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

2. ENIAC, 1945 27,000Kg, 1800 vacuum tubes, 140kW vacuum tube صّمام الإلكترونيّ أول كمبيوتر رقمي First Digital computer الحجم عجيب و قدرته أقل من قدرة حاسبة الجيب !!

3. First Bipolar transistor Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain (1947)

4. أول ترانزيستور (1954) من السيليكون

5. أول دائرة مدمجة First Integrated Circuit J.S. Kilby (TI) 1961

6. رقاقة السليكون Silicon wafer 300mm

7. MOSFET p-Si N+N+ polySi Source Drain Gate N+N+ oxide channel

10. Today’s MOSFET CPU CMOS

11. Electron Beam Lithography and Photolithography EBL and EUVL SiO 2 Silicon PMMA Electron Beam, 200kV, 10nm, 50kHz

12. 3-5nm lines obtained by Electron Beam Lithography on PMMA Vieu et al. Appl. Surf. Sci. 164,2000 (111)

14. EUV Lithography

15.  13nm EUV Lithography

19. 2005 MOSFET Today’s MOSFET 2014 CMOS

21. Carbon Nanotubes

22. نهاية المسار من الأعلى نحو الأسفل ؟ اكتشاف أنابيب الكربون النانومترية Ijima1991

23. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/2001/Fall/features/02Nanotubes.html أنابيب داخل أنابيب : أنابيب متعددة الجدران

24. Carbon Nanotubes Metals if (n,n) and (n-m)=3k Semiconductors otherwise

25. الأنبوب الكربوني ترانزيستورنانومتري نانوأنبوب من الكربون http://www.research.ibm.com/nanoscience/fet.html

26. Carbon Nanotubes http://www.snf.ch/NFP/NFP36/RFFranzoesisch.pdf Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5384 (2000) K. Hirahara, K. Suenaga, S. Bandow, H. Kato, T. Okazaki, H. Shinohara, and S. Iijima

27. Nanotube Field Effect transistor (2001) http://www.research.ibm.com/nanoscience/fet.html

30. http://www.nature.com/nsu/010830/010830-7.html#1 Snail cells Plastic pegs