1. Lecture 20 Enzymes and Vitamins

2. Enzymes are catalysts. They lower the the activation energy of reaction so that they can take place rapidly at physicological temperatures and generally physicological pH. They are present in very small amounts, they are generally proteins and often contain a metal

3. Enzymes are generally very specific; they catalyze some specific chemical process; in order to perform their function, they often need specific substances called co-factors. If the body does not produce this material, it must be present in the diet; these cofactors are called vitamins. Vitamins are classified on the basis of their solubility: fat or water soluble vitamins

4. Water Soluble Vitamins

5. Some Water Soluble Vitamins

6. Fat Soluble Vitamins The most prevalent form of vitamin D is vitamin D 3, or cholecalciferol. Technically, this is not a vitamin, because it is not required in the diet. In skin, vitamin D 3 is synthesized from 7- dehydrocholesterol by the ultraviolet rays from sunlight. In regions of limited sunlight, vitamin D 3 is added to milk products to avoid a vitamin D 3 deficiency. Its function in the body is to regulate the absorption of phosphorus and calcium during bone growth.

8. Enzymes may recognize and catalyze a single substrate a group of similar substrates a particular type of bond

9. Isoenzymes catalyze the same reaction in different tissues in the body; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which converts lactate to pyruvate, consist of five isoenzymes; they can be used to identify the organ or tissue involved in damage or disease lactate dehydrogenase have one form more prevalent in heart muscle and another form in skeletal muscle and liver tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme made up of two polypeptide subunits,

10. Diagnostic enzymes can determine the amount of damage in tissues; elevated levels may indicate damage or disease in a particular organ; levels of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate transaminase (AST) are elevated following a heart attackare used to determine the severity of the attack

11. Zymogens (proenzymes) are inactive forms of enzymes; they are activated when one or more peptides are removed Example: The zymogen proinsulin is converted to its active form, insulin, by removing a small peptide chain Digestive enzymes are produced as zymogens in one organ and transported to another, such as the pancreas, when needed activated by removing small peptide sections Why is this necessary?

12. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity Effect of pH on enzyme activity

13. Effect of enzyme concentration on rateEffect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity If a similar substrate binds to an enzyme but does not cause a reaction, the turnover rate of the enzyme is sharply decreased. This is reversible competitive inhibition and how how many drugs work. In irreversible inhibition, the drug forms a covalent bond with the enzyme and removes it from circulation. Many antibiotics work in this fashion.

14. Penicillin R groups in penicillin the transpeptidase in bacteria is used in a step to form a cell wall (carbohydrate)