1. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Shenjing He, Fulong Wu, Chris Webster School of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff University, UK Poverty concentration and determinants in poor urban neighbourhoods and social groups

2. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Background Large-scale industrial restructuring and State-Own- Enterprise reforms turning laid-off workers into urban poor –Hurdles of age, skill and education –Mismatch of skill and space, –Competition among themselves and from rural migrants Swarming rural migrants with low-skills and living in marginal conditions in the city –Constrained by the urban-rural dichotomy –Comparatively low skills and educational attainments

3. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University The emergence of poverty concentration in urban China Two groups of urban poor (the new urban ‘underclass’) –Laid-off workers –Rural migrants Three types of poverty neighbourhood –Inner-city dilapidated neighbourhoods –Degenerated workers’ villages –Rural migrant enclaves/urban villages

4. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University A study on poverty concentration and determinants Part of a research project funded by ESRC/DFID UK: urban poverty and property rights changes in China –Examining patterns of urban poverty and institutional causes A study on poverty concentration and determinants in poor neighbourhoods and social groups –Based on large-scale household survey –Social concentration, not spatial concentration

5. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University The survey Poverty neighbourhoods in 6 cities –Xi’an, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Wuhan, Ha’erbin, Kunming Selection of poverty neighbourhoods –Inner city neighbourhoods and workers’ villages: referring to MLSS coverage rate –Urban villages: referring to 2000 census data 1809 questionnaires in 25 neighbourhoods

6. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Poverty measures and their concentration categorised by neighbourhoods q FGT indices (Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke 1984): P  = 1/n ∑ ((Z-I i )/Z)  i=1 Where n = total population, q = the number of poor, Z is the poverty line, and I i is the average income of the ith household (i = 1, 2, …, q ). P 0 =poverty rate; P 1 =poverty gap; P 2 =weighted poverty gap; P m =MLSS coverage rate; P p =poverty perception,

7. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Poverty measures and their concentration categorised by hukou and employment status

8. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Poverty measures and their concentration categorised by HH age and educational attainments

9. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Poverty measures and their concentration categorised by HH occupation

10. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Poverty measures and their concentration categorised by housing tenure

11. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Findings on poverty concentration Old inner city neighbourhood has the highest concentration of poverty Laid-off/unemployed rather than rural migrants is the poorest group Mismatch between actual poverty rate and distribution of state welfare provision

12. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Logistic regression models for poverty determinants

13. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University

16. Inside formal urban institutional settings Outside formal urban institutional settings Economically activeEconomically inactive Working urban residents (old urban neighbourhood, workers’ village) Rural migrants, re- employed laid-off workers (urban village, old urban neighbourhood) Laid-off/unemployed (workers’ village, old urban neighbourhood) Retirees (old urban neighbourhood, workers’ village)

17. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Findings on poverty determinants Workers’ village/laid-off –Countless ties with the central planned system Urban village/rural migrants –Exposed to the market economy to a greater extent Two important poverty determinants: protection of state institutions and economic activities –Finding a place in the market economy is becoming more important, especially for those eliminated or excluded from state institutions, i.e. the laid-off and rural migrants

18. Conference on China's Urban Land and Housing 13th-15th Dec 2007 Hong Kong Baptist University Thank you!