1. 1 Developments (last 20 years) Increasing interest in and advocacy for mixed methods Evolving understanding of what is mixed methods research Developing designs and innovative techniques “The emergence of mixed methods as a third methodological movement in the social and behavioral sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003: 697)

2. 2 Development of NIH guidelines (1999) - Mentioned several approaches for combining qualitative and quantitative research - Advanced considerations for deciding what model to use (literature available, prior studies, realistic design, expertise) - Suggested to describe each method thoroughly “Combining qualitative and quantitative methods has gained broad appeal in public health research.” (1999)

3. 3 14+ books on mixed methods research have been written since 1988 Books on Mixed Methods Research

4. 4 Editors: John W. Creswell and Abbas Tashakkori Managing Editor: Vicki L. Plano Clark Email: vpc@unlserve.unl.edu Journals Devoted to Mixed Methods: Fieldwork Quality and Quantity Mixed Method Approaches A New Journal

5. 5 Conferences Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008 Proposed mixed methods conference, Sydney, Australia, 2009 Discipline conferences with mixed methods papers

6. 6 Critics (Creswell, 2007)  Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods? Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61. Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism dressed in drag? Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003. Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks. Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July 10-12, 2006.  What are the limits for mixed methods research? Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative-qualitative debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53. Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation of mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.  Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research? Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research: Contexts for criticism. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.

7. 7 Mixed methods is not that different from other methods Collecting data Analyzing and interpreting data Identifying a purpose and stating questions Reporting and evaluating the study Identifying a research problem Reviewing the literature

8. 8 Mixed Methods within Designs EthnographyCase Study ResearchNarrative research Experimental research Qual ----- Quan Qual---- Quan

9. 9 What is this Method Called? Multi-method Triangulation Integrated Combined Quantitative and qualitative methods Multi-methodology Mixed methodology Mixed-method Mixed research Mixed methods

10. 10 Mixing (How) Results Connect data: Results Converge data: Embed the data: Quan data Qual data QualQuan QualQuan

11. 11 Mixing – Why?  Validity – to corroborate quan and qual data  Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual and draw on strengths  Completeness – more comprehensive account that qual or quan alone  Process – quan provides outcomes; qual, the processes  Explanation – qual can explain quan results or vice-versa  Unexpected results – surprising results from one, other explains  Instrument development – qual employed to design instrument  Credibility – both approaches enhance integrity of findings  Context – qual provides context; quan provides general.  Utility – more useful to practitioners

12. 12 Smith & Heshusius, (1986) “Incompatibility thesis” “The contention of this paper is that the claim of compatibility, let alone one of synthesis, cannot be sustained.” (p. 4) Purist Stance

13. 13 “ Single” Paradigm Stance Pragmatism (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003) Focus on research question What “works,” consequences Multiple methods – large toolkit Transformative (Mertens, 2003) Transform lives of underrepresented, marginalized groups Incorporate this focus into all phases of research

14. 14 Developing Designs and Innovative Techniques  Notation  Typologies  Diagrams of procedures  Complex evaluation models  Reconceptualizing designs  Emergence of innovations in procedures  Unusual blends  Methodological issues  Data analysis techniques  Presentation techniques Key Developments

15. 15 Preliminary Design Considerations (Morse, 1991) ApproachTypePurposeLimitationsResolutions QUAL + quanSimultaneousEnrich description of sample Qualitative sampleUtilize normative data for comparison of results QUALSequentialTest emerging H, determine distribution of phenomenon in population Qualitative sampleDraw adequate random sample from same population QUAN + qualSimultaneousTo describe part of phenomena that cannot be quantified Quantitative sample Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample QUANSequentialTo examine unexpected results Quantitative sample Select appropriate theoretical sample from random sample quan qual

16. 16 QUAN Data & Results Interpretation QUAL Data & Results QUAN Pre-test Data & Results QUAN Post-test Data & Results Intervention qual Process Interpretation Triangulation Design Embedded Design Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs Parsimonious Designs ( Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007 )

17. 17 Sequential Designs Mixed Methods Designs QUAN Data & Results Interpretation qual Data & Results Following up QUAL Data & Results quan Data & Results Interpretation Building to Before- intervention qual QUAN Intervention Trial QUAN Intervention Trial After- intervention qual Interpretation Exploratory Design Explanatory Design Sequential Embedded Design

18. 18 Example of A Diagram

19. Complex Mixed Methods Evaluation Designs (Nastasi, Hitchcock, Sarkar, Burkholder, Varjas & Jayasena, 2007) Study of mental health interventions for youth in Sri Lanka