1. The Development and Reforms of Higher Education in China Prof. ZHOU Mansheng Deputy Director General National Center for Education Development Research Ministry of Education

2. Background In 2009, new China turns 60 years. Through 30 years reform and opening up, China has attended an average annual GDP growth rate of more than 9.6%,reduce its poverty-stricken population by some 200 million, and the 1.3 billion people has almost realized the goal of building a well-off society.

3. The Administrative Division in China Three local administrative levels 23 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5 autonomous regions, and 2 special administrative regions 2862 counties 41636 towns

4. Administrative system of basic education Ministry of Education law,plan,policy,supervision Provinces local policy, evaluation Counties major responsibility Towns implementation

5. Number of schools of all types and levels in 2008

6. Number of Enrollments 0f all Types and Levels Providing Formal Programs in 2008

7. Number of Enrolments of Schools of all types in 2002 and 2008 （ in 10 thousands)

8. Gross enrollment rates by different levels, 2002-2008

9. In 2008, the net attendance rate of primary schools China rose to 99.54% and the gross attendance rate of junior middle schools reached 98.5% -- compulsory education thus entered a period of all- round popularization.

10. In 2009, enrollment in secondary vocational schools will reach 8.6 million and the overall number of students in such schools will exceed 24 million.

11. Vocational education running system

12. Private education (Minbanjiaoyu )

13. Comparison indicators(in 2000,2005,2010) 20002005Increase rate 2010Expected Increase rate Gross enrollment rate for preschool(GER) （ % ） 37.741.4 +3.7 % 55 +13.6 % GER for junior high （ % ） 88.695 +6.4 % 98 +3 % Retention rates for junior high （ % ） 90.192.8 +2.7 % 95 +2.2 % GER for senior high （ % ） 42.852.7 +9.9 % 80 +27.3 % enrollments （ 10 thousands ） 25184031 +1513 4510 +479 Of which, regular senior high12012409 +1208 2410 equal Secondary vocational12841600 +316 2100 +500 GER for HE （ % ） 12.521 +8.5 % 25 +4 % enrollments （ 10 thousands ） 12302300 +1070 3000 +700 Of which, regular HEIs5561562 +1006 2000 +438 Graduate students3098 +68 130 +32 Adult HE354436 +82 600 +164 Average received education years above 15 88.5 +0,5 9 +0.5 Average received education years for new labour force 910 +1 11 +1

14. In 2009,73% of 8.3 million senior middle school graduates went on to college, over half of them in tertiary technical and vocational schools. In additional, there are more than one million postgraduate students doing master courses and 240 thousand doing Ph. D. Nevertheless, China is still a developing country confronted with stern challenges. Education in this country, higher education in particular, still has a long way to go.

15. Contents: I. Development Status of Higher Education in China II. Problems and Challenges of Higher Education at Present III.Deepening the Reform while Focusing on Improving the Quality of Higher Education

16. I.Development Status of Higher Education in China

17. The role of higher education It is crucially instrumental in growing the economy and developing human resources. It is also a major force to enhance national cohesion and self-confidence, and create new knowledge and technology with which to change the pattern of economic growth and transform society.

18. Higher education institutions In year 2008, 2263 higher education institutions (HEI), including 322 independent affiliated colleges In which: 1863 regular HEIs. 400 adult HEIs Regular 4 years HEIs 1079. Regular 2 years HEIs 1184.

19. Administrative system of higher education Central government policy, key universities Provincial government local universities

20. Some comparison between figure of 1998 and 2007 in HE (in 10 thousands) Some comparison between figure of 1998 and 2007 in HE (in 10 thousands) year types 1998 2007 Recruitments 108.36 565.95 graduates 82.98 447.8 Graduate recruitment 7.25 41.9 Graduate enrollments 19.89 119.5 Of which, doctor students 1.5 5.8 Master students 5.75 36.1 Staff and professionals 103 187(06) Professional staff 40.72 116.8 Ratio of students to teachers 11.6 : 1 17.3 : 1

21. 1.The rapid development of higher education has met the needs of the related population to great extent In1949,the year New China was born,only 160,000 students were studying in 206 universities and colleges. In 1998, China had 6.4million college students. In 2008,a total of 6.077million were enrolled in college, six times the 1998 figure, and the number of college students topped 29 million, or 4.5 times what it was in 1998,with a gross enrollment rate of 23.3%.

22. In year 2008, 2263 higher education institutions (HEI) In which: Regular 4 years HEIs 1079. Regular 2 years HEIs 1184. Adult HEI 400. In year 2008, 318 Non-government colleges 322 independent affiliated colleges 866 other non-government HEIS.

23. In 2008, a total of 6.077 million were enrolled in college, six times the 1998 figure, and the number of college students topped 29 million, or 4.5 times what it was in 1998, with a gross enrollment rate of 23.3%.

24. The reform of higher education administration system Adjusting the structure of higher education system to enhance the comprehensiveness of HEIs as well as to make the better re-allocation of educational resources.

25. Systematic reforms on higher education in recent years were: The management reform and structure adjustment in higher education

26. Principle: Co-construction, readjustment, cooperation Consolidation (merge)

27. Since 1992, altogether 31 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and more than 60 sub-sectors of the State Council participated these reforms, around 1000 HEIs were involved.

28. By Merger, comprehensive universities with whole disciplines come into being Today, public universities in China each have an average student body of 10,000

29. The government has adjusted the management system in over 500 HEIs, among them were 360 totally or mainly shifted to the management of the local government

30. The progress of the reform of internal personnel systems, administration and allocation stimulates the creativities of teaching staff and the dynamism of HEIs. Progresses have been made in the field of selection by examination.

31. Quality Teaching quality has thus become the perennial central theme for higher education in China. On the one hand, a state project on teaching reform and quality is under way in every university or college, where an evaluation system has been set up to guarantee teaching quality.

32. Quality On the other hand, China is conducting Project 211 and Project 985, which are meant to pool the nation’s resources for developing 100 high-level or first-class universities. The emergence of such universities has elevated the overall level of higher education in China.

33. Equity China persists in education as a public welfare undertaking, and regard equity as a basic state policy for education. Firstly, have established a sound college entrance examinations system, carried out the “Sunshine Project” to ensure that all students, irrespective of ethnic background, gender, financial status and religious belief, have equal access to education according to law. On the other hand, we are conducting Project 211 and Project 985, which are meant to pool the nation’s resources for developing 100 high-level or first-class universities. The emergence of such universities has elevated the overall level of higher education in China.

34. Equity Secondly, China has established a state scholarship and stipend system and promoted state student loans to help put financially strapped students through college or tertiary vocational education. Thirdly, China give priority to less developed regions in higher education development, in addition to preferential policies on funding, project arrangements, school allocation, enrollment and employment, cultivation of talents and teachers’ training.

35. Some Experience 1) Serving the nation and the people is the ultimate purpose of higher education, which must seek development by making contributions. China’s budgetary funding for universities’ and colleges’ R&D amounted to 65.45 billion yuan in 2008, more than eight times the amount in 1998.

37. 2) Involving all fields of endeavor in higher education development. Firstly, established a new system to raise funds through diverse channels. For instance, tuition fees account for one quarter of the average cost for each university student today. Secondly, by encouraging the private sector to run schools Thirdly, encourage the public, individuals and enterprises to invest in or donate to schools.

38. 3) Giving full scope to the new information & communication technologies China have completed the CERNET and ChinaGrid, both of which have become an essential part of the infrastructure for higher education and scientific research and application.

39. By building campus networks, developing courses of state-level excellence, and setting up virtual laboratories and digital libraries, China have promoted the public sharing of quality resources. Over 90% of the universities and colleges are operating their own campus networks. Some universities are making courses, learning channels and training opportunities available online for the public.

40. Secondly, in education cooperation, China has collaborated with 184 countries and regions, signed agreements with 34 countries and regions on mutual recognition of qualifications and degrees, and concluded 190 contracts on joint training of high-caliber.

41. 4) Learning and assimilating advanced experience of foreign countries. Firstly, in personnel exchanging, China has sent 1.212 million to study in other countries over the last 30 reform and opening-up years, and received 1.23 million international students and provided government scholarships to students from 167 countries. In 2008 alone, 180,000 Chinese students left for studies overseas.

42. Secondly, in education cooperation, China has cemented collaborative and exchanging ties in education with 184 countries and regions, signed agreements with 34 countries and regions on mutual recognition of qualifications and degrees, and concluded 190 contracts on joint training of high-caliber professionals.

43. II. The Main Problems with current Higher Education in China

44. 1 ． Insufficient funding Educational Finance: A. Government B. Society

45. The responsibilities of government The percentage of Budgetary educational funding in GDP during 1990-2009 4% 2010 ？

46. Inputs by both government and society 社会投入 Social Input 政府投入 Government Input 1980-2001 年数据引自胡鞍钢文

47. Statistics of some developing countries in 1999 Total Higher Education Public expenditure Private expenditure Total Public expenditure Private expenditure Total Argentina 4.51.35.8 123 Chile 4.13.17.20.80.41.1 India 3.20.13.30.61.62.2 Indonesia 0.80.41.20.6n Thailand 4.50.34.70.2 0.4 Average of WEI 4.31.75.50.90.21.1 The percentage of educational expenditure account for GDP in developing countries

48. Comparison of educational indicators 2000/01 年 GNI per capita US dollar % % of public expenditure account for GDP Gross enrollment rates of preschool education （ % ） Gross enrollment rates of primary education （ % ） Net enrollment rates of primary education （ % ） Gross enrollment rates of secondary education Net enrollment rates of secondary education World wide Average 5120 4.4 48102---6722 Low income countries 4302.82095---448 Middle income countries 1860 4.5 47109937017 Middle and below income countries 1230 4.6 44104926515 Middle and above income countries 4550 4.4 61125969126 High income countries 2651 0 5.3791029810662 （世界银行： GNI=GDP+ 来自外国来源的初级收入净额）

49. The percentage of input by government and society: Prediction: Government 5% GDP; Society 2% GDP in 2020 In 2008: Government 3.31% GDP; Society 2%.

50. Public education and market economy The debate on educational industry A. public goods (some Euroapen countries); B. sub public goods (Japan,Korea); C. Mixture ( USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand); D. private goods (none)

51. Educational property (pre-compulsory) non-public (compulsory education) public (post-compulsory) mixed

52. Identification of governmental function Economic adjustment, market supervision, social management,public services The adjustments of public educational policies towards: Matching the authority and responsibility Decrease the abuse of responsibility

53. 2. The quantity and quality of teachers in HEIs are hard to meet the new needs and have made negative impacts on the quality of education. 3. There exist some obstacles for development in the respects of system and ideas

54. III. Deeping the reform, mainly focus on improving the quality of higher education

55. Implementing the “Project for reforming teaching practice and enhancing the quatity of teaching in higher education institutions”, putting teaching in the key point of the work in university 1) Increase the input for teaching 2) Constructing elite curriculums 3) Promoting reforms of foreign language teaching in university

56. 4) Constructing training basements for personnel 5) Deepening the educational reforms of teaching 6) Further improving the quality assurance and evaluation mechanism

57. A. Establishing the quality assurance system for higher education to enhance to education quality to meet the needs of economic and social development.

58. B. Since the beginning of evaluation for HEIs in 1985, a nationwide periodic assessment of the quality of instruction in HEIs has been conducted at an interval of five years continuously

59. 全国高等学校（专业）设置评议委员会 Association of higher education institutions and subjects establishment 教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心 National Center for Degree Awards and Graduates Education Development, Minstry of Education 教育部高等教育教学评估中心 Evaluation Center for Teaching in HEIs, Ministry of Education 省市教育评估机构 Education Assessment Agencies at Provincial Level 社会中介评估机构 Social Assessment Agencies 省市教育行政部门 Provincial Education Authorities 高等院校 （内部质量保障机构 ) Higher Education Institutions Internal quality assurance mechanism 教育部 Ministry of Education

60. C. Policies on Quality Assurance for Higher Education in China 1.Establishing periodic mechanism for assessment of the quality of instruction in HEIs 2.Establishing the professional evaluation Center for Teaching in HEIs, Ministry of Education

61. 3. Forming incentive mechanism with quality oriented 4. Instituting a system of providing statistical data on the dynamics of teaching and periodic release of relevant information and analytical studies

62. 5. Formulating criteria for making and improving professional teaching assessments and to institute a system of the appraisal of the performance of individual specialties linked with the validation of qualifications and the enforcement of conditions of entry into specific occupations 6. Establishing the accreditation system for evaluation by social agencies

63. 7.Combination of the external and internal evaluations. 8.Taking the results of evaluation as the important evidence of setting up extral subjects, identifing the admission plan and funding allocation

64. the Long- and Medium-term Programme China is drafting the Outlines for the Long- and Medium-term Programme on Education Reform and Development with a view to the modernization drive, the world and the future. It entails a comprehensive plan and arrangements for higher education reform and development by the year 2020.

65. Chapter 7: Higher Education (18) Raising higher education quality in an all-round way.(18) Raising higher education quality in an all-round way. (19) Bettering cultivation of talents or professionals.(19) Bettering cultivation of talents or professionals. (20) Elevating research levels. (21) Buttressing social service capacities.(21) Buttressing social service capacities. (22) Optimizing a distinctive higher education structure.(22) Optimizing a distinctive higher education structure.

66. Thank you! April, 2010