1. RFID Cow Jewelry – or – Revolution Travis Sparks http://www.cs.unc.edu/~sparkst

2. Overview What is RFID? How RFID Works Current Applications Future Applications Potential Research Discussion

3. What is RFID? Radio Frequency Identification The use of radio frequency tags to identify real objects. What does it mean to identify something?

4. Identification Assign IDs to objects Link the ID to additional information about the object Link the ID to complementary info Find similar objects

5. Identification Examples Bar Codes License Plates Social Security Numbers Student ID Serial Numbers Car Keys Database Keys

6. How Does RFID Work? 3 Components  Transceiver – Tag Reader  Transponder – RFID tag  Antenna

7. RFID Hardware Magnetic / Inductive Coupling Transceiver Tag Reader antenna RFID Tag IC or microprocessor antenna

8. RFID Hardware Propagation Coupling Transceiver Tag Reader antenna RFID Tag IC or microprocessor antenna

9. Types of Tags Passive Tags  No battery  Low cost Active Tags  On-board transceiver  Battery – must be replaced  Longer range  High cost

10. Types of Tags Read Only  factory programmed  usually chipless Read / Write  on-board memory  can save data  can change ID  higher cost

11. Real Tags

14. Data Transfer Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

15. Frequency Shift Keying Fc/8/10  0’s are the carrier divided by 8  1’s are the carrier divided by 10 Count clock cycles between changes in frequency Slows the data rate Provides for a simple reader design Fair noise immunity

16. Phase Shift Keying One frequency  Change the phase on the transition between a 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 Faster data rate than FSK Noise immunity Slightly more difficult to build a reader than FSK

17. Data Encoding

18. Multiple Tags? What happens when multiple tags are in range of the transceiver? All the tags will be excited at the same time. Makes it very difficult to distinguish between the tags.

19. Collision Avoidance Similar to network collision avoidance Probabilistic  Tags return at random times Deterministic  Reader searches for specific tags

20. Frequency Ranges Low – 100-500 kHz  short range, low data rate, cost, & power Intermediate – 10-16 MHz  medium range and data rate High – 850-950 MHz & 2.4-5.8GHz  large range, high cost, high data rate  needs line of sight

21. Frequency Ranges 8 total ranges around the world No standards … yet

22. Frequency Trade-Offs Frequency Lifespan Range Power Cost Bandwidth Line of Sight

23. Current Applications Livestock Tagging Wild Animal Tracking Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) Automated Toll Collection Animal Husbandry Vehicle Anti-Theft

24. More Applications Passive / Secure Entry Airline Baggage Tracking Postal Package Tracking Time and Attendance

25. Who’s got an RFID tag with them right now?

26. Security RFID used to grant entry to secure areas Tracks time and movement of people Dynamically change access codes Provide automated entry

27. Livestock Tagging Meet Bobby the Cow Bobby has an old fashioned ear tag for identification.

28. Bobby’s Part of a Herd

29. Bobby Needs His Shots All of Bobby’s herd need their shots Each one needs to be recorded Why use RFID tags instead of the old- fashioned tags?  cows get dirty  herds can be large

30. Tracking Penguins http://www.beitec.com/penguin.htm

31. Automated Toll Collection

32. Package Tracking Picture courtesy Texas Instruments

33. Potential Applications Smart Grocery Store Smart Kitchen Smart Sitterson

34. Smart Grocery Store Every item in the store already has a bar code. Why not use an RFID tag? Speed up checkouts

35. Smart Grocery Store Several carts this full in early evening could seriously slow down the checkout process. How much do cashiers cost?

36. Smart Grocery Store Add an RFID tag to all items in the grocery. As the cart leaves the store, it passes through an RFID transceiver The cart is rung up in seconds.

37. RFID UPC Artist conception courtesy Motorola

38. Smart Groceries Enhanced Track products through their entire lifetime. Diagram courtesy How Stuff Works

39. Smart Fridge Recognizes what’s been put in it Recognizes when things are removed Creates automatic shopping lists Notifies you when things are past their expiration

40. RFID Chef Uses RFID tags to recognize food in your kitchen Shows you the recipes that most closely match what is available RFID Chef Movie Distributed Systems Group ETH – Zurich, Switzerland

41. Smart Sitterson Tag locations throughout Sitterson User walks around with handheld and transceiver RFID tags point the handheld to a webpage with more information about their location or the object of interest

42. Other Future RFID Applications RFID in the Euro by 2005 http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011219S0016 http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011219S0016 Xerox PARC Page Detection http://www2.parc.com/red/members/back/papers/UIST_RFID.pdf http://www2.parc.com/red/members/back/papers/UIST_RFID.pdf RFID in people?

43. RFID’s Advantages Passive  wireless Store data on a tag Can be hidden Work in harsh environments Low cost?

44. RFID’s Disadvantages Lack of standards! Short range Cost

45. Open Discussion What identification systems exist that could be enhanced with RFID? What new identification systems are only feasible using RFID?

46. References RFID Chef http://www.inf.ethz.ch/vs/res/proj/rfidchef/ http://www.inf.ethz.ch/vs/res/proj/rfidchef/ AIM Global Network http://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.htm http://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.htm Texas Instruments RFID Solutions http://www.ti.com/tiris/default.htm http://www.ti.com/tiris/default.htm Interaction Design Institute RFID Whitepaper http://people.interaction-ivrea.it/natasha/rf/RFID_research.pdf http://people.interaction-ivrea.it/natasha/rf/RFID_research.pdf Auto-ID Center http://www.autoidcenter.org/ http://www.autoidcenter.org/

47. RFID Cow Jewelry – or – Revolution Travis Sparks http://www.cs.unc.edu/~sparkst