1. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Sources of Data from the Robotic Missions IV Geography 494-01 S/07 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue

2. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Main objective is to search for sub-surface water from orbit and deploy a lander onto the Martian surface  Beagle 2 lander crashed in late 2003: It was to look for life signs

3. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Orbiter instrumentation:  Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)  High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS)  Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)  Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS)  IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

4. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Orbiter instrumentation:  Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)  High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS)  Originally developed for the Mars 96 mission: The duplicate, since upgraded  9 CCD line sensors in pushbroom swaths  Each of these arrays has 5184 7 micron pixels (10 m on ground)  Super Resolution Channel telescope with 1024 x 1032 CCD array that results in 2.3 m pixels on the ground  Multispectral visible light to near infrared imaging plus panchromatic imaging by the forward and aft line sensors  Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)  Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS)  IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

5. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager  New topographic maps  Contour lines: “first ‘hikers’ maps’ of Mars”! Here’s 1:200,000

6. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager  New topographic maps  Contour lines: “first ‘hikers’ maps’ of Mars”! Here’s 1:100,000

7. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA High Resolution Stereo Colour imager  New topographic maps  Contour lines: “first ‘hikers’ maps’ of Mars”! And 1:50,000

8. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Orbiter instrumentation:  Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)  High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS)  Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)  Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS)  Ground-penetrating radar (1.3-5.5 MHz)  Deployed from end of 40 m antenna to generate long wl  Radio waves reflect back upward from any surface discontinuity: surface itself, liquid layers underground  IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

9. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA MARSIS  The idea behind ground-penetrating radar

10. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA MARSIS  Has found crater basin structures buried in Chryse Planitia

11. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA MARSIS  Has found crater basin structures buried in Chryse – dark ovals

12. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Orbiter instrumentation:  Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)  High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS)  Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)  Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS)  IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Building map of surface composition in 100 m squares  Determines mineral composition through reflected VL & IR (0.5- 5.2 microns)  Because reflected surface light must pass through atmosphere, OMEGA can also infer atmospheric composition  Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

13. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Building map of surface composition in 100 m squares  One focus is water-related/water-affected minerals  Water content of the rocks and clay minerals  Abundance of non-silicate materials (carbonates, nitrates, hydrated sufates), which imply standing water or water alteration

14. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Building map of surface composition in 100 m squares  Another focus is the carbon dioxide/water composition of the caps  Water does not absorb ~2 microns, and carbon dioxide does  South polar cap shows absorption at 2, implying CO 2 (A & B)  Spectrum C shows absorption where A & B don’t ~1.5 microns, indicating more water ice in the mix there

15. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Orbiter instrumentation:  Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)  High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS)  Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)  Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS)  IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  Another spectrometer, overlapping part of OMEGA’s spectrum but also including spectra far deeper into the infrared: 1.2-5 microns and then 5-45 microns  This spectrometer focusses more on the atmosphere’s temperature and composition, rather than the surface  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)

16. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  Vertical temperature structure of Martian atmosphere

17. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  Optical thickness of Martian atmospheric dust (with surface elevation below the reading also shown)

18. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  Water vapor abundance  Concentrated in Arabia Terra, Elysium Planum, Arcadia Memnonia

19. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  Detection of methane (CH 4 ): the little down blips ~3018 wn/cm  There are also 3 water lines at 3003.5, 3022, and 3026  There are 2 solar lines at 3012 and 3014  Methane (and formaldehyde or CH 2 O) may indicate either life or recent vulcanism, either of which would be really interesting news

20. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  Orbiter instrumentation:  Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)  High/Super Resolution Stereo Colour Imager (HSRS)  Radio Science Experiment (MaRS)  Subsurface Sounding Radar/Altimeter (MARSIS)  IR Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA)  Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM)  Yet another spectrometer, this one collecting spectra in the UV as well as the IR tp study atmosphere and ionosphere  0.118 - 0.32 in the ultraviolet  1.1 - 1.7 in the serial infrared (what wireless devices use)

21. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM):  Has detected an aurora on Mars for the first time, in the Terra Cimmeria region of Mars' southern hemisphere  This is one of thelocalized and intense magnetic anomalies, what’s left of Mars’ global magnetic field

22. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM):  Has detected ozone, especially above the higher latitudes

23. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Mars Express Orbiter (2003-present)  UV and IR Atmospheric Spectrometer (SPICAM):  Has confirmed what was long suspected: There is water ice on the south polar cap  Could be a thin veneer of water ice above the CO 2 ice  Could be a large slab under the CO 2 ice visible through “Swiss cheese” holes in the CO 2 ice

24. C.M. Rodrigue, 2007 Geography, CSULB Mars: Data from Robotic Missions  ESA Rosetta Mission  To orbit Comet 67 P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko as it comes into the inner solar system and put a lander on its surface  Did a gravity-assist swing-by Mars on 25 February  Carries the OSIRIS camera system (wide angle and narrow angle)