1. Alissa L. Centivany 3339 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 acentiva@umich.edu@umich.edu Presentation Title Your Name Your Academic Title Paper Tigers: Rethinking the Relationship between Copyright, Open Access, and Scholarly Publishing

2. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Universities own the copyrights in faculty-created works.

3. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Academia is growing increasingly critical of scholarly publishers Some Context

4. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Funding Boycotts Mandates The “fixes”

5. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Copyright Incentives The problem(s)

6. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Analyze copyright in faculty works – Work-made-for-hire – Teacher Exception – University copyright policies Implications Recommendations Publishers are “Paper Tigers”

7. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu For the Sake of Brevity... Alissa Centivany, Paper Tigers: Rethinking the Relationship Between Copyright and Scholarly Publishing 17 Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. XXX (2011), available at http://www.mttlr.org/volseventeen/Centivany.pdf

8. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Copyright 101 Who owns the copyrights in faculty-created works?

9. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Are faculty-created works works-for hire? Are the works: (1) prepared by an employee (2) within the scope of their employment?

10. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu 1. Hiring party’s right to control 2. Skill required 3. Provision of benefits 4. Tax treatment 5. Hiring party’s right to assign additional projects Are faculty works prepared “by an employee”?

11. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Are faculty “employees”? Yes

12. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu “Conduct of a servant is within the scope of employment if, but only if: – (a) it is of the kind he is employed to perform; – (b) it occurs substantially within the authorized time and space limits; – (c) it is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the master ….” Are faculty-created works prepared “within the scope of employment”?

13. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Are faculty works prepared “within the scope of employment”? Yes

14. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Copyright in faculty-created works vests in universities under work-for-hire

15. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Isn't there an exception for teachers?

16. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Yes, but...

17. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu expressio unius est exclusio alterius

18. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Long-standing academic traditions still matter

19. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Do University Policies Modify Ownership? Two Policy Flavors: #1 – Selectively disclaim initial copyright ownership #2 – Transfer copyrights to faculty-creators

20. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Policy Flavor #1 – Disclaim initial ownership Stanford University's Policy RPH § 5.2 – “... copyright in pedagogical, scholarly, or artistic works to which the University disclaims ownership under this policy shall be held by the creators regardless of whether the work constitutes a work-for-hire under copyright law.”

21. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu What's wrong with policy flavor #1? Work-for-hire applies through the operation of law creating an “irrebuttable presumption” in favor of the employer.

22. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Policy Flavor #2 Transfer copyright to faculty-creators University of Michigan Bylaw § 3.10 – “ Patents and copyrights issued or acquired as the result of or in connection with administration, research, or other educational activities … shall be the property of the University.” SPG § I.A.1 – “all faculty … own and control instructional materials and scholarly works created at their own initiative with usual University resources.” Proposed revisions...

23. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu What's wrong with policy flavor #2? 17 U.S.C. §204 requires that copyright transfers is in writing and signed by the owner of rights conveyed or such owner's duly authorized agent.

24. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Summary Copyright in faculty-created works vests in universities under work-for-hire & University policies don't actually modify copyright ownership

25. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Implications for faculty Practically speaking, no change

26. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Implications for publishers Publishers are in trouble

27. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Implications for Universities Outlook is good

28. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Four Recommendations for Universities #1 – Stop trying to solve problems that don't exist

29. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Four Recommendations for Universities #2 – Focus on the incentives problem – peer-review – system of assessing academic award and credit

30. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Four Recommendations for Universities #3 – Revise copyright policies

31. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Four Recommendations for Universities #4 – Renegotiate terms with publishers

32. 4322 North Quad 105 S. State St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1285 (734) 763-2285 si.admissions@umich.edusi.admissions@umich.edu Thanks! Alissa Centivany, Paper Tigers: Rethinking the Relationship Between Copyright and Scholarly Publishing 17 Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. XXX (2011), available at http://www.mttlr.org/volseventeen/Centivany.pdf