1. Mary O’Connor, John Bruno, Steve Gaines, Ben Halpern, Sarah Lester, Brian Kinlan, Jack Weiss Mary O’Connor, John Bruno, Steve Gaines, Ben Halpern, Sarah Lester, Brian Kinlan, Jack Weiss Temperature control of larval dispersal: implications for ecology, evolution, & conservation International Temperate Reefs Symposium June 27, 2006 International Temperate Reefs Symposium June 27, 2006

2. Planktonic Larval Duration (PLD) - Long-range dispersal (km) - Survival

3. Ocean temperature and larval dispersal T Larval development (Metabolic rate) Logan et al 1976 Temperature Metabolic scalingLimiting Development Rate

4. T Larval development (Metabolic rate) Can a single quantitative model accurately describe the effect of temperature on PLD? Planktonic larval duration

5. T Larval development (Metabolic rate) Implications of a common temperature dependence of PLD? Ecology Evolution Conservation Dispersal Survival Planktonic larval duration

6. We collected data from the literature 10ºC 15ºC 18ºC 21ºC 24ºC Constant conditions Marine species Non-lethal temps Johns 1981 MEPS

8. Data analysis Multi-level modeling Quantitative model Diagnostic testing Comparison of models 1. 2. 3.

9. Data analysis Comparison of models PLD = e m *T b 1. 2. PLD = e m * T b 1 + b 2 lnT PLD = 1/e -Ei/kT (Gillooly et al 2001)

10. Outcome: a quantitative model of the temperature dependence of PLD PLD = e m *T b 1 + b 2 *lnT

11. Two exceptions to the rule Limulus polyphemus Laqueus californianus © 2005 L. & L. Langstroth PLD = e m *T b 1 + b 2 *lnT

12. Dispersal Distance is related to Planktonic Larval Duration Siegel et al 2003 Genetic avg dispersal scale (km) Planktonic larval duration (d)

13. Temperature dependence of dispersal distance D d =.234(PLD)*   = current amplitude (km/d) Siegel et al 2003

14. Temperature dependence of survival related to PLD Survival = S d PLD = S d m(T)^(b1+b2(lnT)) S d = 85% (Rumrill 1990)

15. Evolutionary implications: selection for shorter PLDs in cold water? Average Test Temp (proxy for native climate) warmest: 28.9 ºC coolest: 3.4 ºC median: 20 ºC PLD = e m *T b 1 + b 2 *lnT

16. Evolutionary implications: selection for shorter PLDs in cold water? Life History Traits Metabolic Cold Adaptation

17. Implications for Conservation Neighborhood size of adults Neighborhood size of larvae modified from Palumbi

18. Planktonic larval duration T Larval development (Metabolic rate) PLD = e m *T b 1 + b 2 *lnT

19. Dispersal Survival Planktonic larval duration T Larval development (Metabolic rate) PLD = e m *T b 1 + b 2 *lnT

20. Dispersal Survival Planktonic larval duration T Larval development (Metabolic rate) Ecology Evolution Conservation PLD = e m *T b 1 + b 2 *lnT

21. Acknowledgements R. Converse, W. Eaton, K. France, G. Johnson, L. Ladwig, S. Lee, K. Lloyd, Z. Long, S. V. McNally, N. O’Connor, E. Selig, A. Steen Funding sources: National Science Foundation, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, The Nature Conservancy, The David and Lucille Packard Foundation, The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The Fannie and John Hertz Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Pew Charitable Trusts.

22. Biogeographic Patterns of Dispersal? Global Avg SST 1985-2005

23. Brian P. Kinlan (UCSB) Michael J. O ’ Donnell (UCSB) Tim Chaffey (UCSB) Satoshi Mitarai (UCSB) Mary O ’ Connor (UNC) John Bruno (UNC) Steve Gaines (UCSB) Benjamin Halpern (NCEAS) Sarah Lester (UCSB) Larvae Drifting Through A Variable World

24. Introduction Larvae Temperature variability Impacts of thermal experience (dispersal, HSP’s etc) © Wim van Egmond

25. Natural Environment Larvae are developing in variable environment Sublethal temperature variation may be having an effect

26. Larval Development PLD long, highly temperature dependent

27. Adult Urchin HSP

28. Drifter Data Several hundred surface drifters with temperature In SB Channel and North

29. How to incorporate? Want characteristic profiles that capture variability Need to understand rate and magnitude of temperature shifts

30. Temp Profiles

34. SummerWinter (Temperature change that each settler undergoes during its PLD) Temperature change during PLD (C) Compare to Satoshi’s Modeling Results

35. SummerWinter Compare to Satoshi’s Modeling Results

36. LARVAL TRAJECTORIES ON SST Larvae mostly move along SST contours, due to Geostrophic balance –Temperature change should be mainly due to mixing and diffusion –Warmed up offshore, cooled down nearshore But, sometimes larvae cross temp contours –Geostrophic balance does not always hold –Leads to significant jump in temperature

37. SAMPLE TEMP PROFILE Release location Released in rather cold water (~12.2 C) The larvae warms up as it goes offshore, but does not cool down as much when it comes back…

38. TRAJECTORY ON SST Warms up as it goes offshore, come back before it really gets cooled down Released in rather cold waters

39. ANOTHER EXAMPLE Release location Released in rather warm water (~13.3 C) The larvae undergoes pretty much same temperature throughout its PLD (20 to 40 d)

40. TRAJECTORY ON SST Released in warm spots Stay in warm zone throughout PLD

41. AND ANOTHER Release location Released in not warm not cold water (~13 C) The larvae undergoes a big temperature jump (about 1.5 degree C within one day)

42. TRAJECTORY ON SST Released in average temperature Larvae goes across the region with large temperature gradient

43. Future questions -How do larvae experience temperature? Variance properties of larval temperature trajectories -Estimating larval temp trajectories by combining mooring data at collection location, info on PLD, and satellite Temp data -The predictable effect of temperature on PLD should predictably influence dispersal kernels. Adapt Satoshi’s model to include the temperature dependence parameter. -Test this in the field with fish otolith data?