1. Initial management of PUV
Ahmed Al-Sayyad MD,FRCSC

2. Clinical Presentation
Boys with PUV can present with a variety of symptoms and at various ages
They range from newborns with life-threatening renal and pulmonary conditions to older children with minor voiding dysfunction
In general, the symptoms are age dependent; the more severely affected boys present earlier in life
Antenatal hydronephrosis diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography is the most common presentation

3. Clinical Presentation
Obstruction leads to decreased fetal urine output and results in oligohydramnios
The observation of marked hydro, a distended bladder, and a thickened bladder wall in utero strongly supports the diagnosis of valves
Neonates with sever PUV can present with Pulmonary Hypoplasia , intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, lethargy, and poor feeding
Older children can present with urinary tract infection, voiding dysfunction or renal insufficiency

4. Approach Hx :Pre and postnatal Exam: Abdomen,genitalia and back
Blood work: CBC,lytes,Cr,?acid base
Bladder drainage
Abx prophylaxis US
VCUG
Careful monitoring

5. US Hydroureteronephrosis Increased echogenicity Peri-renal urinoma
Thickened bladder

11. VCUG
Bladder is thickened and trabeculated, diverticula may be present, bladder neck is elevated and the proximal urethra is dilated, and the actual valve structure is often visible
Vesicoureteral reflux is present in at least 50% of valve patients at the time of diagnosis
The incidence of reflux has been found to be higher in neonates than in older children
There is an 80% incidence of reflux on the left side in patients with unilateral reflux for no apparent reason

15. Investigations
Initial laboratory evaluation of the newborn with valves is usually misleading because of the effects of maternal renal function mediated through the placenta
It will take at least 48 hours for the serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to accurately represent the child's intrinsic renal function
Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolyte values should be determined twice daily for the first few days of life until they plateau

16. Bladder Drainage
Initial management of all patients with PUV requires immediate bladder drainage
This should be performed even if the diagnosis has not been confirmed by VCUG
Neonates can be catheterized with a 3.5 or 5 French pediatric feeding tube
Foley catheters have been used with success, but there have also been reports that the balloon causes irritation and resultant bladder spasms
After successful initial bladder drainage and when the patient's medical condition has stabilized, the next step is to permanently destroy the valves

17. Valve Ablation
Transurethral valve ablation is the 1st treatment choice
A Bugbee electrode or a pediatric resectoscope with a hook or cold knife can be used to incise the valves
A number of authors report use of a cystoscope and laser to disrupt valves
Some surgeons prefer incision at 12-o'clock position; others prefer incisions at 4- and 8-o'clock, and others all three
Although most valves are thin and do not bleed at surgery, it is preferable to leave a catheter in place for 24 hours after incision
The valve remnants resolve after incision, and there is often no evidence of them on later cystoscopic examination

19. Cutaneous Vesicostomy
If the infant is too small for safe instrumentation for valve ablation, a cutaneous vesicostomy can be performed as a temporary measure
The vesicostomy provides adequate drainage of the upper tracts in more than 90% of cases
There has been concern that vesicostomy would cause permanent loss of bladder volume, but this has not proved to be true, and vesicostomy does not significantly affect bladder capacity

22. Upper Tract Diversion
There is controversy about the superiority of upper tract diversion vs. vesicostomy regarding long-term results and measured renal function, bladder function, and somatic growth in each group
the current consensus is that neither initial treatment is superior in promoting renal function and somatic growth
The current consensus is that both approaches eventually yield similar results and that infants who undergo initial upper tract diversion are at the disadvantage of needing more surgical procedures
Today, upper tract diversion is usually limited to those patients who fail to respond to bladder-level drainage
Upper tract diversion Is considered if bladder-level drainage is insufficient to prevent infection or to drain the upper tracts adequately

23. Upper Tract Diversion
If the serum creatinine concentration drops below 2.0 mg/dL (150 μmol/L), it is safe to rely on improved bladder drainage for additional kidney improvement
If the creatinine concentration remains above 2.0 mg/dL (150 μmol/L) after 10 days of adequate bladder decompression and if hydronephrosis is unimproved, upper tract diversion may be considered
The type of diversion remains the surgeon's choice, options are high loop ureterostomy, ring ureterostomy, pyelostomy, and end ureterostomy
If upper tract diversion is performed, reconstructive surgery to internalize the urinary tract should be delayed until the bladder and upper tracts have improved as much as can be expected

25. Management of VUR
Reflux in PUV is considered secondary to bladder outlet obstruction
the initial management of reflux is relief of obstruction
Reflux resolves after valve ablation in between 20% and 32% of refluxing ureters
Most reflux resolves within several months, but some can take as long as 3 years
Reflux is more likely to resolve when it is associated with a better functioning kidney

26. Management of VUR
Children with initial bilateral reflux are more likely to have reflux resolve than are those with unilateral reflux
As for any child with vesicoureteral reflux, they must be maintained on prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infection
If persistent high-grade reflux is a clinical problem because of urinary tract infections or incontinence, bladder function and drainage must be reviewed
Inadequate emptying and high storage pressures are the usual causes of persistent reflux

27. Management of Hydronephrosis
Nonrefluxing hydronephrosis resolves in 49% of patients and may do so rapidly after valve ablation
This leaves a significant population of valve patients with persistent hydronephrosis for years despite adequate bladder emptying
The majority of patients with persistent hydronephrosis do not have obstruction at either the bladder outlet or the ureterovesical junction

28. Summary PUV is one of the trickiest conditions to treat
It requires a very careful initial and long-term management
Our goal is to preserve all remnant kidney function by relieving obstruction and preventing infection
Special attention and long-term bladder management is a key in treating those patients