1. Unit 6: Object-oriented Programming: Objects and Classes
Jin Sa

2. Objectives of this unit
To learn how to declare a class and how to create an object of a class.
To learn how to send messages to other objects.
To understand the difference between instance and static variables and methods.
To manipulate objects in arrays.
To understand the use of various visibility modifiers.
To know how to use the exception mechanism.

3. Defining and using classes and objects
An object has a unique identity, state, and behaviours.
The state of an object consists of a set of data fields with their current values. These data fields are called attributes.
The behaviour of an object is defined by a set of methods.
Classes are constructs that define objects of the same type.

4. Defining classes – see SimpleCircle from unit6 section B
public class Circle {
double radius = 1.0;  
Circle() { } 
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
/** Return the area of this circle */
double findArea() {
return radius * radius * ; }
Radius is the data field of the Circle class. The data fields are often referred to as attributes.
The class also defines three methods: Circle(), Circle(double newRadius) and findArea(). These three methods will determine the behaviour of any circle created from this template.

5. Methods The format of a method is
type_of_value_returned name_of _method(list of parameters)
type_of_value_returned can be void if the method does not return any value
void setRadius(double newR){
radius=newR; }
List of parameters can be empty if the method does not take any parameter.
findArea().

6. Constructors
Circle() and Circle(doubleRadius) are called the constructors.
A constructor of a class is invoked when an object of that class is created. It plays the role of initializing objects.
A class may have more than one constructor, more than one way to create an instance.
Constructors must have the same name as the class itself.
A constructor with no parameters is referred to as a no-arg constructor, e.g. Circle().

7. Creating objects – new (see TestSimpleCircle)
To create an object, we use the new operator.
new Circle();
new Circle(2.5);

8. Object references and accessing objects via object references
To reference an object, we can assign an object to an object reference variable. For example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle(); 
myCircle is an object reference. It is now pointing to an instance of Circle.
An object’s data and method can be accessed via the object reference, e.g.
myCircle.radius
myCircle.findArea()

9. More about object references
c=new Circle();

10. More about object references (2)

11. Student Activity
Complete Unit 6 student activity 6.1

12. Visibility modifiers
public: The data or method is visible to any class in any package.
private: The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring class.
By default: the data or method can be accessed by any class in the same package.

13. Visibility modifiers (2)

14. get and set methods
Following the principle that data should be encapsulated, we should declare data field private.
However, private attributes are not accessible from outside its object.
To allow clients, i.e. other objects, to access or modify a private data field in a controlled way, we can provide public get method and set method to manipulate the private data field, e.g.
public double getRadius(){
return radius; }
public void setRadius(double newR) {
if (newR<1) radius=1;
else radius=newR;

15. Student activity (may skip)
Complete unit 6 student activity 6.2

16. Passing object references as parameters
An example of passing an object as a parameter to a method:
public boolean equalSize(Circle o) {
return radius==o.getRadius(); }
A main method that illustrates the use of the equalSize method.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle c1= new Circle(2.0);
Circle c2 = new Circle(1.5);
System.out.println("C1 and C2 are of the same size: "
+ c1.equalSize(c2));

17. Returning object reference from a method
A method returns a new object
public Circle biggerCircle() {
double newR=radius*2;
//new circle radius is twice as big as
//the current circle’s radius
return (new Circle(newR));
//return a new circle object with the bigger radius. }
Calling the method
public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle c1= new Circle(2.0);
Circle c2 = c1.biggerCircle();
double r = c2.getRadius();

18. Student activity
Complete unit 6 student activity 6.3

19. Manipulating array of objects
To declare an array of objects.
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];
To create 10 circle objects:
for (int i=0; i<10;i++) {
circleArray[i]=new Circle(10+i); }

20. Example of array of objects
… …
Circle[] circleArray=new Circle[10];
//assume that circleArray has been initialised
//with 10 circle objects.
public void printCircleArray() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("Radius: "+
circlearray[i].getRadius());
System.out.println("Area:+circlearray[i].findArea()); }

21. Student activity
Complete unit 6 student activity 6.4.

22. ArrayList
Limitations with array is that its size is fixed once the array is created.
Java provides the ArrayList class in which the size of the array is not fixed. Some of the commonly used methods in the ArrayList class:
void add(Object o) appends o at the end of the list
void add(int index, Object o) adds o at the specified index in the list
boolean contains(Object o) returns true if o is in the list.
Object get(int i) returns the element at position i in the list.
boolean isEmpty() returns true if the list is empty
boolean remove(Object o) removes element from the list.
boolead remove(int i) removes the element at position i.
int size() returns the number of elements in the list

23. An example of ArrayList
public class ArrayListCircles {
ArrayList<Circle> circlelist=new ArrayList<Circle>();
public ArrayListCircles() {
for (int i=0;i<10;i++){
circlelist.add(i, new Circle(i)); }
public void printCircleList() {
System.out.println("Radius\t\t\t\t" + "Area");
for (Circle c: circlelist){
System.out.println("Radius: "+ c.getRadius());
System.out.println("Area: "+c.findArea()+"\n");
… …

24. Student activity
Implement the ArrayList example. Compare it with the implementation in Student activity 6.4
Try to add more than 10 circles and/or remove circles from the array for both implementations

25. Static methods and variables
Variables such as radius in the Circle example are called instance variables. They belong to each instance.
A static variable is shared among all instances of a class. Only one copy of a static variable for all objects of the class.
Static variables are also called class variables.
Similarly, there is the concept of static methods.
We do not have to instantiate an object of a class in order to invoke a static method. Static methods are invoked through the class name.
Static methods cannot access instance variables.
To declare static variables and methods, we use the static modifier.
Be careful not to over use static variables to lose the ideas of objects!

26. Student activity and Example
Why are static variables needed?
Scenario: want to count the number of objects created from a particular class
It wouldn’t make sense for this information to be associated with individual instances
We only want to keep one copy of this variable; and it should be linked to the class
Use a static variable numOfObjects to track the number of objects created.
To record the number of objects being generated, we increment the numOfObjects variable each time a new instance is created. This is done in the constructors.

27. Student activity (may skip)
Complete unit 6 student activity 6.5

28. Methods overloading
Method overloading allows us to define two or more methods that have the same method name, but different parameter list within the same class.
Note that you cannot overload methods based on different return type.
Overloading methods can make programs clearer and more readable. Methods that perform closely related tasks should be given the same name.

29. Example of method overloading
public class MethodOverloading { int maxNum(int i, int j){ if (i>j) return i; else return j; } int maxNum(int i, int j, int k){ int tmp=maxNum(i,j); return maxNum(tmp,k); … … MethodOverloading test=new MethodOverloading(); int I = test.maxNum(5,3); int j = test.maxNum(5,3,6); ……

30. Exception handling (may skip)
Examples of causes of exceptions
Different ways of handling exceptions
Not handling the exception at all
Handling where it occurs using try-catch
Handling exception at a different point

31. Examples of causes exceptions
Typical examples include:
division by zero,
array index out of bounds,
file does not exist,
null pointer and
I/O exception.
In Java, these, and many other such, unusual situations are defined as exception classes.
The programmers can also define their own exception classes to capture new exceptional situations.

32. Not handle the exceptions
do not handle it , the program terminates with an exception message telling us what exception occurred and where it occurred.

33. Example (Student activity 6.6)
class SomeExceptions {
public int divide(int m){
Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in);
int n=in.nextInt();
// get the value of the divisor
return m/n; }
public class IllustrateException {
public static void main(String [] args) {
SomeExceptions myProg = new SomeExceptions();
System.out.println(myProg.divide(100));

34. Handling exception where it occurs: the try-catch statement
The try-catch statement identifies a block of statements that may produce one or more exceptions.
One or more catch clauses should follow a try block. The catch clauses define how to handle each type of exception that may occur in the try block.
Each catch clause is called an exception handler.

35. Revised example (student activity 6.7)
class SomeException2 { int maxInt= ; public int divide(int m){ Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in); int n=in.nextInt(); try{ return m/n; } catch (ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println("An exception has occurred."); System.out.println("A big number is returned as a default."); return maxInt; }

36. Handling exception at a different point
If an exception is not caught and handled where it occurs, control is immediately returned to the place that invoked the method, e.g.
if the divide method does not provide any mechanism to catch and handle the arithmetic exception, the control will be returned to the main program where it calls myProg.divide(100).
We can design programs so that the exception is caught and handled at this outter layer using try-catch statement

37. Revise example
public class IllustrateException3 { public static void main(String [] args) { SomeExceptions myProg = new SomeExceptions(); try { System.out.println(myProg.divide(100)); } catch (ArithmeticException e){ System.out.println("exception happened, caught at outer level."); }

38. Student activity
Complete unit 6 student activities 6.6 and 6.7 (exception)
Multiple choice questions

39. An integrate case study
Go through the case study
Go through the design (note with voice over)
Student activity
Go through outline and solution

40. Summary how to define classes; how to create objects;
what is an object reference;
how to use visibility modifiers to achieve the right level of encapsulation;
how to pass objects as parameters to a method and how to return an object as a result;
array of objects;
static method and variables;
exception handling