1. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.1 Technology in Action

2. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.2 Technology in Action Chapter 11 Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information Systems

3. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.3 Chapter Topics Databases and their usesDatabases and their uses Database componentsDatabase components Types of databasesTypes of databases Database management systemsDatabase management systems Relational databasesRelational databases Data warehouses and data martsData warehouses and data marts Information systemsInformation systems Data miningData mining

4. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.4 Databases Electronic collections of related dataElectronic collections of related data Help us organize dataHelp us organize data Turn data into informationTurn data into information

5. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.5 Advantages of Using Databases Store and retrieve large quantities of informationStore and retrieve large quantities of information Enable information sharingEnable information sharing Provide data centralizationProvide data centralization Promote data integrityPromote data integrity Allow for flexible use of dataAllow for flexible use of data Student housing Financial Aid Recording grades Student Registration Parents Student Information Database

6. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.6 Database Terminology FieldField –Category of information displayed in columns –Each field has a field name Field Name

7. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.7 Database Terminology Data typesData types –Text –Numeric –Computational –Date –Memo –Object –Hyperlink

8. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.8 Database Terminology Record RecordRecord –A group of related fields

9. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.9 Database Terminology TableTable –A group of related records Table

10. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.10 Database Terminology Primary keyPrimary key –A field value unique to a record Primary Key

11. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11 Database Types Relational databasesRelational databases –Organize data in a table –Link tables to each other through their primary keys Object-oriented databases Object-oriented databases –Stores data in objects –Handles unstructured data Object-relational databasesObject-relational databases –A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database

12. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.12 Database Management Systems (DBMS) Application software designed to capture and analyze dataApplication software designed to capture and analyze data Four main operations of a DBMS are:Four main operations of a DBMS are: 1.Creating databases and entering data 2.Viewing and sorting data 3.Extracting data 4.Outputting data

13. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.13 1. Creating Databases and Entering Data Create field names:Create field names: –Identify each type of data –Data dictionary

14. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.14 Creating Databases and Entering Data (cont) Create individual records:Create individual records: –Key-in –Import Jaso n Alexand er 123 Elm St.Anywhere US 1234 5

15. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.15 Data Validation ValidationValidation –Process of ensuring data entered into the database is correct (or at least reasonable) and complete Validation rulesValidation rules –Range check –Completeness check –Consistency check –Alphabetic/numeric checks

16. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.16 2. Viewing and Sorting Data Browse through recordsBrowse through records Sort records by field nameSort records by field name Before sort After sort

17. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.17 3. Extracting or Querying Data QueryQuery –A question or inquiry –Provides records based on criteria –Structured query language (SQL) SQL Results

18. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.18 4. Outputting Data Reports:Reports: –Printed –Summary data reports Export dataExport data

19. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.19 Relational Database Operations Relational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupingsRelational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupings Relationships are links between tables with related dataRelationships are links between tables with related data Common fields between tables need to existCommon fields between tables need to exist Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancyNormalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy

20. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.20 Data Storage Data warehousesData warehouses –A large scale repository of data –Organizes all the data related to an organization –Data is organized by subject

21. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.21 Source dataSource data –Internal sources Company databases, etc.Company databases, etc. –External sources Suppliers, vendors, etc.Suppliers, vendors, etc. –Customers or Web site visitors Clickstream dataClickstream data Populating Data Warehouses

22. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.22 Data stagingData staging –Extract data from source –Reformat the data –Store the data Software programs/procedures created to extract the data and to reformat it for storageSoftware programs/procedures created to extract the data and to reformat it for storage Data Staging

23. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.23 Small slices of data Data of a single department Data Marts

24. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.24 Data Warehouse

25. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.25 Managing Data: Information Systems Information systemsInformation systems –Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze information Functions performed by information systems includeFunctions performed by information systems include –Acquiring data –Processing data into information –Storing data –Providing output options

26. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.26 Information Systems Categories Office supportOffice support Transaction processingTransaction processing ManagementManagement Decision supportDecision support

27. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.27 Office Support Systems (OSS) Assist employees in day-to-day tasksAssist employees in day-to-day tasks Improve communicationsImprove communications Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Office

28. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.28 Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Keeps track of everyday business activitiesKeeps track of everyday business activities Batch processingBatch processing Real-time processingReal-time processing

29. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.29 Management Information Systems (MIS) Provides timely and accurate information for managers to make business decisionsProvides timely and accurate information for managers to make business decisions Detail report: –Transactions that occur during a period of time Summary report: –Consolidate detailed data Exception report: –Show unusual conditions

30. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.30 Decision Support Systems (DSS) Help managers develop solutions for specific problemsHelp managers develop solutions for specific problems

31. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.31 Data Mining Process by which data are analyzed and investigatedProcess by which data are analyzed and investigated Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the dataObjective is to spot patterns or trends within the data

32. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.32 Data Mining Methods ClassificationClassification –Define data classes EstimationEstimation –Assign a value to data Affinity grouping or association rulesAffinity grouping or association rules –Determine which data goes together ClusteringClustering –Organize data into subgroups Description and visualizationDescription and visualization –Provides a clear picture of what is happening

33. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.33 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases?What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases?

34. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.34 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What components make up a database?What components make up a database?

35. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.35 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What types of databases are there?What types of databases are there?

36. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.36 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What do database management systems do?What do database management systems do?

37. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.37 Chapter 11 Summary Questions How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?

38. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.38 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What are data warehouses and data marts and how are they used?What are data warehouses and data marts and how are they used?

39. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.39 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is an information system and what types of information systems are used in business?What is an information system and what types of information systems are used in business?

40. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc.40 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is data mining and how does it work?What is data mining and how does it work?