1. JAOO 2002olm1 Early Experience with Language Interoperability Porting the BETA language to Java and.NET Peter Andersen Ole Lehrmann Madsen Center for Pervasive Computing Aarhus University

2. JAOO 2002olm2 Content n Background & goals n Virtual machines u The Java- and.NET platforms n BETA n Mapping BETA to Java and.NET n Experience with the platforms n Language interoperability n Demo n Conclusion

3. JAOO 2002olm3 Background n Modern language implementations: u Virtual machines u Bytecode u Just-in-time compilers u Run-time type information u Verification of code before execution n Main stream platforms u Java virtual machines u Microsoft.NET

4. JAOO 2002olm4 Main stream OO languages n Java u The one and only language for the Java-platform n C# and VB.Net u The dominant languages for.NET n A family of languages u Java/C#-like languages u And many more

5. JAOO 2002olm5 Goals I n Implement BETA for u.NET u Java-VM n Investigate the suitability of Java and.NET as platforms for general language implementation

6. JAOO 2002olm6 Goals II n Investigate language interoperability n Traditional language interoperability for procedural languages u Procedure libraries in different languages u Common calling sequence for procedures n Language interoperability for OO languages u Uses of classes from different languages u Inheritance from classes in different languages u An explicit goal for.NET u No expectations for Java

7. JAOO 2002olm7 Goals III n Provide a common language for.NET and Java-VM n (Component architecture) u Web services – SOAP n (BETA for PDA’s) u.NET compact framework

8. JAOO 2002olm8 Challenges I Mapping of BETA to.NET & Java-VM n. NET & Java-VM are typed virtual machines modelled from Java and C# n BETA is much more general n One issue: just finding a mapping

9. JAOO 2002olm9 Challenges II Language interoperability n BETA should be able to uses classes from other languages n Other languages should be able to use BETA classes (patterns) n BETA should be able to inherit classes from other languages n Other languages should be able to inherit from BETA n The BETA mapping should be ’nice’ when seen from other languages

10. JAOO 2002olm10 Java/C# language model n A program is a collection of classes n A class defines u Data-items/attributes F an attribute has a type u Methods F a method has arguments and a possible result value n Classes may be nested u Java – real nesting u C# - only a scope mechanism n No nesting of methods n Dynamic exceptions n Concurrency in the form of threads

11. JAOO 2002olm11 BETA n Class and method unified into the pattern mechanism n General nesting of patterns n INNER instead of super n Genericity in the form of virtual patterns n Multiple return values n Active objects u Coroutines and concurrency u Basis for writing schedulers n No constructors n No dynamic exceptions (yet)

12. JAOO 2002olm12 Challenges with BETA mapping n Pattern mapping to class and methods n Nested patterns n Nested procedures n Enter-do –exit-semantics n Inner n Virtual patterns – class and procedure n Multiple return values n Leave/restart out of nested method activations n Coroutines and concurrency n Pattern variables n Basic values – signed/unsigned

13. JAOO 2002olm13 The mapping n Generating code for Java- and.NET corresponds to making a BETA source mapping into Java- and/or C#-source code n In the following the implementation of BETA is shown as a mapping into a Java/C#-like language

14. JAOO 2002olm14 BETA example Calc: (# R: @integer; set: (# V: @integer enter V do V  R #); add: (# V: @integer enter V do R+V  R exit R #); #); C: @Calc; X: @integer; 12  C.set; 5  C.add  X

15. JAOO 2002olm15 Naive mapping into Java/C# Class Calc extends Object { int R; void set(int V) { R = V; }; int add(int V) { R = R + V; return R;} } Calc C = new Calc(); int X; C.set(12); X = C.add(5);

16. JAOO 2002olm16 Instances of add C: @Calc; X: @integer; A: ^C.add; &C.add[]  A[]; 6  A  X More complex mapping needed Possible to create instances of pattern add Creation of an instance of C.add

17. JAOO 2002olm17 Class add class add extends Object { Calc origin ; int V; void add(Calc org) {origin = org; } void enter(int a) { V = a; } void do() { origin.R = origin.R + V }; int exit() { return origin.R; } } add A; int X; A = new add(C); A.enter(5); A.do() X = A.exit(); C: @Calc; X: @integer; 12  C.set; 5  C.add  X

18. JAOO 2002olm18 Calc with call-add operation Class Calc extends Object { int R; void set(int V) { R = V; }; int add(int V) { add A; A = new add(this); A.enter(V); A.do() return A.exit(); } Calc C = new Calc(); int X; C.set(12); X = C.add(5); We hope the JIT compilers inlines these calls!

19. JAOO 2002olm19 Calc with call-add & new-add Class Calc extends Object { int R; void set(int V) { R = V; }; int add(int V) {...; return A.exit(); } add add () { return new add(this); } } Calc C = new Calc(); int X; add C.A; C.set(12); X = C.add(5); A = C.add(); Call method for add New method for add

20. JAOO 2002olm20 General scheme myClass: (#...; f1: (#... #); f2: (#... #); f3: (#... #) #) class myClass extends Object {...; T1 f1(...) {... } // call f1 f1 f1() {... } // new f1 T2 f2(...) {... } // call f2 f2 f2() {... } // new f2 T3 f3(...) {... } // call f3 f3 f3() {... } // new f3 }

21. JAOO 2002olm21 With language restrictions myClass: class (#...; f1: proc(#... #); f2: proc(#... #); T: class(#... #) #) class myClass extends Object {...; T1 f1(...) {... } // call f1 T2 f2(...) {... } // call f2 T T() {... } // new T }

22. JAOO 2002olm22 Nested/inner classes in general A: (#... AA: (#... AAA: (#... #) #) class A extends Object {... }; class AA extends Object { A origin, void AA(A org) { origin = org; } } class AAA extends Object { AA origin; void AAA(AA org) { origin = org; } } origin A-object AA-object AAA-object origin

23. JAOO 2002olm23 Method combination with inner Calc: (#... add: (# V: @integer enter V do R+V  R; inner exit R #);... #) Xcalc: Calc (# xadd: add (# do R * V  R #) #)

24. JAOO 2002olm24 Semantics of inner D: @Xcalc; X: @integer 12  D.set; 5  D.xadd  X add: (# V: @integer enter V do R+V  R; inner exit R #); xadd: add (# do R * V  R #) 5  D.add.V R + V  R inner R * V  R return D.R  X

25. JAOO 2002olm25 Class add with inner class add extends Object {... void do() { origin.R = origin.R + V; do_1(); // inner }; void do_1(); } class xadd extends add {... void do_1() { origin.R = origin.R * V; };... }

26. JAOO 2002olm26 Inner at several levels A: (# do X1; inner; Y1 #); AA: A (# do X2; inner; Y2 #); AAA: AA(# do X3; inner; Y3 #) class A: extends Object { void do() { X1; do_1(); Y1; }; void do_1() } class AA: extends A { void do_1() { X2; do_2(); Y2; }; void do_2() } class AAA: b AA { void do_2() { X3; do_3(); Y3 }; void do_3() }

27. JAOO 2002olm27 Virtual patterns n BETA has virtual patterns n Virtual patterns used as virtual procedures u Like virtual methods in Java/C# n Virtual patterns used as virtual classes u A mechanism for defining a class parameterized by another class n No counter parts in Java/C# u Proposal on its way for Java

28. JAOO 2002olm28 Pattern List List: (# element:< Object; insert: (# e: ^element enter e[] do... #);... #) StudentList: List (# element::< Student; #) L: @List; aPerson[]  L.insert; aStudent[]  L.insert; S: @StudentList; aPerson[]  S.insert; aStudent[]  S.insert; Illegal Detected by the BETA compiler

29. JAOO 2002olm29 Virtual class in Java/C# class List extends Object {... void insert(Object e) {... } } class StudentList extends List {... void insert(Object e) { Student e1 = (Student) e;... }

30. JAOO 2002olm30 Multiple return values Calc: (# R,Rx: @integer;...; getReg: (# exit(R,Rx) #); #); C: @Calc; x,y: @integer; C.getReg  (x,y); A field is added to the class for each return value At the calling site, the exit fields are fetched

31. JAOO 2002olm31 Leave/restart of nested method calls To be implemented using dynamic exceptions foo: (# do L: (# bar: (# do leave L #); go: (# do restart L #) do (if b then bar else go if) #) #);

32. JAOO 2002olm32 Remaining issues n Active objects u Coroutines and concurrency n Pattern variables u Classes and methods as first-class values n Basic values – signed/unsigned n And lots of details

33. JAOO 2002olm33 Compiler organization n Frontend u Parser, abstract syntax trees, semantic checking, semantic analysis, abstract code generation u Platform independent n Backend u Code generation for a specific target u Platform dependent F Sun Solaris F Linux F Windows F Macintosh

34. JAOO 2002olm34 Compiler reorganization n Frontend u Generate (typed) stack code n Backend u Abstract stack code u Specific targets F.NET F Java-VM

35. JAOO 2002olm35 Platform issues I n No static link on stack frames u Nested procedures/methods cannot be implemented using the stack n Very rigid typing of class-fields u And method-locals on.NET n Constructor initialization u Impossible to make setups before calling super constructor n General exit out of nested method calls n No support for covariant arguments n No support for covariant return types n Active objects

36. JAOO 2002olm36 Platform issues II n.NET class references must be fully qualified, including location of binding u Problems with separate compilation n Large number of classes generated due to the generality of BETA patterns u Java class files can only contain one (non-static) class per file u Lots of class files are generated n.NET assemblies can contain any number of classes

37. JAOO 2002olm37 Platform issues III (minor) n No swap and dup_x1/x2 on.NET n Requirements for fully typed local variables in.NET. u Means that swap cannot be implemented in backend using local variables unless type of two top-of- stack objects are known. n Type of field: super/this class

38. JAOO 2002olm38 Platform advantages n Well-defined run-time format u More than just a calling convention for procedures n Memory management u Storage allocation u Object format & method activation format u Garbage collection n Efficient code generation n We will have BETA for all Java- and.NET platforms n Can this be utilized efficiently? u If simple and direct mapping – yes u If complex mapping – no? u Inlining may help F Can rely on generating methods that the JIT inlines

39. JAOO 2002olm39 Language interoperability I n Java/C# class inherited from BETA u Straight forward u Since name & type-based, F just specify the methods you will use u Simpler than for COM F COM uses offsets F All preceding methods must be declared n BETA pattern inherited from Java/C# class u Also straight forward u Issues with default constructor F BETA object requires surrounding object (origin)

40. JAOO 2002olm40 Language interoperability II n Issues u Libraries and frameworks in Java/C# u Java-string, C#-String, BETA-text F Automatic coercion implemented u Overloading u Constructors n External class interface u Interface syntax needed – currently clumsy u External name & location u Automatic include of interface files F.NET assemblies F Java class-files

41. JAOO 2002olm41 Demo n Inheritance in BETA of external class u Java Applet n Inheritance of BETA pattern in Java and C# n Implementation of program using Google web-service u In C# and Java n Debugging of Google search in Visual Studio.Net

42. JAOO 2002olm42 Conclusion n Not trivial to map all parts of BETA n We still need to measure efficiency n Generation of bytecode: straightforward u Java issue: no standard assembler n Generation of type information: a lot of work n No real problems in supporting both platforms n Use of Visual Studio to edit and debug BETA programs u Impressive u Source level debugging, breakpoints, object-inspection,...

43. JAOO 2002olm43 Language interoperability n. NET/C#: seems to work as promised u Class instance u Inheritance u Visual Studio n Java: works well too – to our surprise u Class instance u Inheritance u Has not found any (free) SDE’s that work as well as Visual Studio (which is expensive, but stand alone graphical debugger part of free.NET framework) n It seems realistic to mix libraries and frameworks from different languages n Easier to introduce new languages

44. JAOO 2002olm44 BETA Language changes n Constructors n Restricting a pattern as class or method n Add properties as in C# n Issue with super/inner call sequencing n Overloading?

45. JAOO 2002olm45 Status n Large subset of BETA has been implemented n To be done u General leave/restart u Active objects u Pattern variables u Lots of details u Porting BETA libraries and frameworks to Java and.NET

46. JAOO 2002olm46 Acknowledgements n Peter Andersen - datpete@daimi.au.dkdatpete@daimi.au.dk n Ole Lehrmann Madsen - olm@daimi.au.dkolm@daimi.au.dk n Project in u Center for Pervasive Computing u www.pervasive.dk www.pervasive.dk n Supported by u Microsoft Denmark u Sun Microsystems Denmark n Ideas borrowed from u Kresten Krab Thorup u Henry Michael Lassen u Kim Falk Jørgensen