1. Efficient Development through SCORM Standards Paul F. Merrill Michael D. Bush Thor Anderson http://id2scorm.byu.edu/scorm.ppt

2. Purpose Enhancing the reusability of our instructional products Enhancing the reusability of our instructional products Courses Courses Syllabi Syllabi Lectures Lectures Presentations Presentations Handouts Handouts Java Applets Java Applets Simulations Simulations Multimedia Multimedia

3. Multimedia Graphics Graphics Pictures Pictures Charts Charts Diagrams Diagrams Animations Animations Video Clips Video Clips Audio Clips Audio Clips

4. Affluent Throw-away Society

5. "We're reminded a hundred times a day to buy things, but we're not reminded to take care of them, repair them, reuse them, or give them away." Michael Jacobson, Center for the Study of Commercialism

6. We need to find better ways to reuse share, and recycle our instructional products Or at least many components thereof!

7. Examples of the Problem

9. Examples of Problem Obsolete Programming Languages Obsolete Programming Languages APL APL Applesoft Basic Applesoft Basic Pascal Pascal Logo Logo procedure convert; var fTemp : integer; cTemp : real; begin space; write('Enter the Fahrenheit temperature: '); readln(fTemp); cTemp := (5 / 9) * (fTemp - 32); space; writeln(' Celsius is ', round(cTemp) : 1); end;

10. Examples of Problem Obsolete Authoring Systems Obsolete Authoring Systems Coursewriter Coursewriter IconAuthor IconAuthor

11. Examples of the Problem Obsolete Versions Obsolete Versions Course of Action Course of Action Authorware Authorware

12. Examples of the Problem CBI course on APL CBI course on APL

13. Examples of the Problem Obsolete Hardware Obsolete Hardware Apple IIe Apple IIe Amiga Amiga Videodisc Videodisc SyQuest Removable Cartridges SyQuest Removable Cartridges NeXT Magneto-Optical Discs NeXT Magneto-Optical Discs

14. Examples of the Problem Future obsolescence? Future obsolescence? Blackboard Blackboard WebCT WebCT Jupiter Jupiter Flash Flash Visual Basic Visual Basic JavaScript JavaScript iShell iShell

15. Sources of Obsolescence Business viability Business viability Proprietary binary formats Proprietary binary formats Versions of interpreter Versions of interpreter ??? ???

16. Goals Reusable Reusable Can be easily reused by a variety of tools Can be easily reused by a variety of tools Accessible Accessible Can be easily found (by a search engine) for reuse by learners or developers (Discoverability) Can be easily found (by a search engine) for reuse by learners or developers (Discoverability) Interoperable Interoperable Can by used by a variety of platforms, hardware, browsers, tools, etc. Can by used by a variety of platforms, hardware, browsers, tools, etc. Durable Durable Can be reused with no or minimal modifications with new technology (hardware & software). Can be reused with no or minimal modifications with new technology (hardware & software).

17. Possible Applications Accessible electronic instructional product repository (Digital library) Accessible electronic instructional product repository (Digital library) Independent instructional modules (SCO: Sharable Content Objects) Independent instructional modules (SCO: Sharable Content Objects) Cataloging of instructional modules or SCOs and content assets (Use of metadata) Cataloging of instructional modules or SCOs and content assets (Use of metadata) Use of international standards for instructional products (SCORM). Use of international standards for instructional products (SCORM). Separation of content, presentation and interaction (Development productivity) Separation of content, presentation and interaction (Development productivity)

18. Importance of Standards

19. Examples of Standards

21. Other Examples ??? ???

22. SCORM Sharable Content Object Reference Model Sharable Content Object Reference Model Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative (1995) Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative (1995) Suite of technical standard specifications or guidelines to enable the sharing and reuse of course content Suite of technical standard specifications or guidelines to enable the sharing and reuse of course content

23. What is SCORM? A suite of standards or standard practices that is a composite, made up of what are often adaptations or extensions to standards that originated from other standards or specifications organizations.

24. Key Working Affiliations IMS IMS ADL Co-Lab ADL Co-Lab OKI/MIT OKI/MIT OCLC OCLC SIF SIF MERLOT MERLOT IEEE/LTSC IEEE/LTSC EDUCAUSE/NLII EDUCAUSE/NLII NCAM NCAM CANCORE JISC/CETIS DEST/IMS Australia Singapore Mexico Where do these standards come from? Thor Anderson, IMS

25. Progression of ideas to standards Specifications, Best Practice New Products, Pilot Programs, Testbeds R&D Concepts User Needs Technical Trends Spec Consortia Programs Testbeds, Markets Standards Bodies Accredited Standards W3C SIF oclc COLIS CEN/ISS Where do standards come from? IMS

26. Sources of SCORM Standards

27. XML eXtensible Markup Language

28. List of Books List of Books List of Books List of Books Title Learning Perl Title Learning Perl Authors Schwartz & Christiansen Authors Schwartz & Christiansen ISBN 1-861002-94-7 ISBN 1-861002-94-7 Price 39.99 USD Price 39.99 USD Title Programming Perl Title Programming Perl Authors Wall, Christiansen & Schwartz Authors Wall, Christiansen & Schwartz ISBN 1-861002-97-1 ISBN 1-861002-97-1 Price 39.99 USD Price 39.99 USD

29. Learning Perl Learning Perl Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz Tom Christiansen Tom Christiansen 1-861002-94-7 1-861002-94-7 39.99 39.99 Programming Perl Programming Perl Larry Wall Larry Wall Tom Christiansen Tom Christiansen Randal L. Schwartz Randal L. Schwartz 1-861002-97-1 1-861002-97-1 45.98 45.98

30. SCORM Standards Content Packaging Content Packaging Communication between course & Learning Management System (LMS) Communication between course & Learning Management System (LMS) Course & student metadata Course & student metadata

31. SCORM Content Packaging Standard Content files should be placed in a single directory with possible sub-directories Content files should be placed in a single directory with possible sub-directories The course, its content and navigation structure should be described with a special file in XML format located in the top-level directory named: “imsmanifest.xml.” The course, its content and navigation structure should be described with a special file in XML format located in the top-level directory named: “imsmanifest.xml.”

32. SCORM Manifest File Course metadata Course metadata Course sequencing or navigation structure Course sequencing or navigation structure SCO metadata SCO metadata Assets or resources metadata Assets or resources metadata

33. Sample Manifest Files Generic Manifest File VAD Manifest File

34. Runtime System API

35. The Future: Representing Content General: From media to learning General: From media to learning Specific: Video Asset Description Specific: Video Asset Description

36. Demonstrations French CD French CD French CD French CD French CD to XML French CD to XML French CD to XML French CD to XML Current Examples Current Examples

37. QTI Examples

38. Learning Objects? Media Objects Media Objects Knowledge Objects Knowledge Objects Learning Objects Learning Objects Course Objects Course Objects

39. Instructional Components MEDIA OBJECTS KNOWLEDGE OBJECTS STRATEGY OBJECTS LEARNING OBJECTS From M. David Merrill

40. Components of a knowledge object Components of a knowledge object NAMEDESCRIPTION PORTRAYAL From M. David Merrill And Dorling-Kindersley

41. Examples of Reusability Display Display Monitor vs. PDA Functionality Functionality Instruction vs. Assessment Instruction vs. Assessment

42. Resources ID2SCORM Conference Web site ID2SCORM Conference Web site ID2SCORM Conference Web site ID2SCORM Conference Web site Learning Objects, Knowledge Objects and Mental Models, M. David Merrill Learning Objects, Knowledge Objects and Mental Models, M. David Merrill Learning Objects, Knowledge Objects and Mental Models Learning Objects, Knowledge Objects and Mental Models Educational Technology article Educational Technology article Educational Technology article Educational Technology article VAD development Web site VAD development Web site VAD development Web site VAD development Web site CVP paper submitted to IEEE MultiMedia CVP paper submitted to IEEE MultiMedia CVP paper submitted to IEEE MultiMedia CVP paper submitted to IEEE MultiMedia