1. How does bilingualism affect language and attention ? UPF Albert Costa November 2009 UIB Francisco Barceló Cristina Baus (PhD student) Francesca Branzi (PhD student) Marco Calabria (Post-doc) Xavier Garcus (Research assistant) Mireia Hernández (PhD student) Alexandra Ibañez (Master student) Iva Ivanova (PhD student) Paula Marne (Research assistant) Clara Martin (Post-doc) Violeta Pina (PhD student) Sara Rodriguez (PhD student) Elin Runnquist (PhD student) Jasmin Sadat (PhD student) Kristof Strijkers (PhD student) UJI César Ávila

2. General introduction Does bilingualism affect language processing in a general manner?  Does it affect the native and dominant language (L1) ? Does bilingualism affect non-linguistic cognitive processes ?  Does it also affect attention, memory, task-switching… ?

3. General introduction  Does bilingualism affect the native and dominant language (L1) ? New evidence that L1 might be influenced by L2: Adult bilingual listeners experience more difficulty processing L1 in noise as L2 proficiency increases (von Hapsburg et al., 2009)  Does bilingualism also affect attention, memory, task-switching… ? Recent evidence that monitoring processes are affected by bilingualism (Costa et al., 2009; Hernández et al., in press)

4. General introduction production comprehension Memory impairment Language Marco Calabria Paula Marne Mireia Hernández Nuria Sebastian Galles Marco Calabria Mireia Hernández Paula Marne Clara Martin Cristina Baus Iva Ivanova Elin Runnquist Jasmin Sadat Kristof Strijkers Iva Ivanova Clara Martin Sara Rodriguez César Ávila Francisco Barceló Francesca Branzi Mireia Hernández Alexandra Ibañez Clara Martin Violeta Pina Attention

5. General introduction production comprehension Memory impairment Language Marco Calabria Paula Marne Mireia Hernández Cristina Baus Iva Ivanova Elin Runnquist Jasmin Sadat Kristof Strijkers Iva Ivanova Clara Martin Sara Rodriguez César Ávila Francisco Barceló Francesca Branzi Mireia Hernández Alexandra Ibañez Clara Martin Violeta Pina Nuria Sebastian Galles Marco Calabria Mireia Hernández Paula Marne Clara Martin Attention L1 production influenced by bilingualism (bilingualism cost) Task-switching influenced by bilingualism (bilingualism advantage)

6. Bilingualism effects on Naming latencies Monolinguals Bilinguals in L1  Naming latencies larger in highly-proficient bilinguals compared to monolinguals, even when speaking in L1 Ivanova, I. & Costa, A. (2008) Acta Psychologica Repetitions Naming latencies (ms) 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 12345 Bilinguals in L2 ms Bare namingNoun-phrase production 1234 Repetitions 650 700 750 800 850 900 Naming latencies (ms) Sadat-Schaffai, J., Alario, F-X., Costa, A., in preparation “car” “the red car”

7. Monolinguals Bilinguals in L1 Bilinguals in L2 ms Bare namingNoun-phrase production Sadat-Schaffai, J., Alario, F-X., Costa, A., in preparation “car” “the red car” Bilingualism effects on Articulatory durations  Articulatory durations larger in highly-proficient bilinguals compared to monolinguals, even when speaking in L1 1234 Repetitions 750 800 850 900 Articulatory durations (ms) 390 410 430 450 1234 Repetitions Articulatory durations (ms)

8. Time-course of the bilingualism effect on picture naming Divergence between picture naming in L1 and L2  200ms after the picture onset To be compared to monolinguals’ data… Strijkers, K., Runnquist, E., Costa, A. in preparation Strijkers, K., Costa, A., Thierry, G. (2009) Cerebral Cortex Costa, A., Strijkers, K., Martin, C., Thierry, G. (2009) PNAS

9.  Decline in L1 naming latencies after 4 months of immersion in a foreign country Effect of immersion on naming latencies Baus, C., Costa, A., Carreiras, M. in preparation Arrival Departure MonolingualsBilinguals immersed (L1) 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 Naming latencies (ms)

10. Bilingualism effects on speech production Bilingualism affects language processing in a general manner ? … meaning that it has an influence on L1 production ? YES: bilinguals slower than monolinguals in L1 production  Early bilinguals slower than monolinguals in L1 bare naming and noun-phrase production  Late bilinguals slower than monolinguals in L1 bare naming after 4 months of immersion

11. Language impairment in Alzheimer disease Picture Naming L1 L2 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Correct Responses Mild Cognitive Impairment Mild Alzheimer Disease Moderate Alzheimer Disease - Same task 6 months later  Memory of L1 and L2 words differentially affected in Alzheimer disease ? - Same task with monolingual patients  Memory of L1 words differentially affected in monolinguals and bilinguals ? Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Marne, P., Costa, A. In collaboration with the “Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge” the “Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau” the “Hospital de Dia Sant Jordi de Granollers”

12. Bilinguals differ from monolinguals in speech production even when using their first and dominant language  cognitive processes (beyond “purely” linguistic processing) affected by bilingualism ?  Investigation of non-linguistic processes in bilingualism From linguistic to non-linguistic tasks

13. Why investigating non-linguistic task-switching in bilingualism ? - To observe effects of bilingualism beyond linguistic processing - Because task-switching might be influenced by bilingualism… … as bilinguals use to switch from one language to another Switching from one language to the other makes bilinguals better at switching from one task to another even in the non-linguistic domain ? Bilingualism effects on task-switching Hernández, M., Martin, C., Barceló, F., Costa, A.

14. REPEATSWITCH Cues Experimental design (Task-switching)

15. LOCAL COST: Larger RTs for the first trial after a switch versus repeat = Task-set reconfiguration. RESTART COST: Larger RTs for the first trial after a cue versus second trial = Task-set retrieval Repeat series Rp4Rp3Rp2Rp1REPEAT …… Switch series Sw4Sw3Sw2Sw1SWITCH … … Restart and Local costs

16. Magnitude of the Costs (ms) Local Cost (Sw1 – Rp1) Restart Cost (Rp1 – Rp2) Repeat series Switch series Rp4Rp3Rp2Rp1REPEAT … Sw4Sw3Sw2Sw1SWITCH … … … Restart and Local costs 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Bilinguals Monolinguals * Hernandez, M., Martin, C., Barcelo, F., Costa, A., submitted in Cognition

17. -4 -2 0 2 -6 -8 -4 -2 0 2 -6 -8 40002006008004000200600800 N2 Restart cost Local cost Bilingualism effects on task-switching - ERPs Repeat – Trial 1 Repeat – Trial 2 Switch – Trial 1 In monolinguals, we expect: - Similar effect on the Local cost - Larger effect on the Restart cost Martin, C., Hernandez, M., Barcelo, F., Costa, A., in preparation Rp2Rp1REPEAT Sw2Sw1SWITCH

18. “Neural basis of language and set-shifting in bilinguals“ Ávila, C., Hernandez, M., Costa, A. et al. submitted Bilingualism effects on task-switching - fMRI

19. Bilinguals are better than monolinguals in Task-set retrieval but not in Task-set reconfiguration Bilingualism effects on task-switching Bilingualism seems to affect task-switching The specific process affected by bilingualism is the RESTART COST We did not observe any bilingualism effect on the SWITCH COST

20. Abutalebi, J., Costa, A., et al. submitted Branzi, F., Abutalebi, J., Costa, A. Pina, V., Fuentes, L., Costa, A.  MONOLINGUALS engaged more extensively areas related to cognitive control such as the ACC Incongruent vs. Congruent trials BilingualsMonolinguals Monolinguals vs. Bilinguals Bilingualism effects on conflict resolution + + IncongruentCongruentvs. = CONFLICT EFFECT Costa, A., et al. (2008) Cognition Costa, A., et al. (2009) Cognition Hernandez, M. et al. (in press) Bilingualism: Lang & Cogn

21.  Bilinguals differ from Monolinguals in non-linguistic processes (task-switching, conflict resolution…) Bilingualism and Executive control  Bilinguals differ from Monolinguals in L1 production and comprehension The link between bilingualism effects in linguistic and non-linguistic tasks might be that bilingualism affects executive control  Convergence between different projects on language, attention and memory

22. production comprehension Memory impairment Language Marco Calabria Paula Marne Mireia Hernández Cristina Baus Elin Runnquist Jasmin Sadat Kristof Strijkers Nuria Sebastian Galles Marco Calabria Mireia Hernández Paula Marne Clara Martin Attention New projects on bilingualism at the interface between language, attention and memory Iva Ivanova Clara Martin Sara Rodriguez César Ávila Francisco Barceló Francesca Branzi Mireia Hernández Alexandra Ibañez Clara Martin Violeta Pina Bilingualism and Executive control

23. Cristina Baus Francesca Branzi Marco Calabria Mireia Hernandez Iva Ivanova Paula MarneClara Martin Violeta Pina Alexandra Ibañez Sara RodriguezElin RunnquistJasmin SadatKristof Strijkers Albert Costa

25. SWITCH COST: slower performance in switch relative to non-switch trials, reflecting the resources needed for task-set reconfiguration. If RED or CIRCLE, press 1 If BLUE or SQUARE, press 2 Non-Switch: the current trial requires the same set as the previous one. 2 sets: COLOR and SHAPE (forma) Switch: the current trial requires a different set from the previous one. Avila, Hernandez, Costa et al. (submitted….and rejected) Bilingualism effects on task-switching - fMRI

26. Bilingualism effects on speech production – 2 370380390400410420 780800820840860880 Bare Naming Noun Phrase Articulatory durations (ms)  Naming latencies and articulatory durations larger in highly-proficient bilinguals compared to monolinguals in Noun-phrase production 600 640 680 720 760 800 Bare Naming Noun Phrase Naming latencies (ms) Monolinguals Bilinguals in L1 Sadat-Schaffai, J., Alario, F-X., Costa, A., in preparation

27. RTs POSITION OF TRIAL AFTER CUE Repeat series Switch series Rp4Rp3Rp2Rp1REPEAT … Sw4Sw3Sw2Sw1SWITCH … … … Reaction times

28. Switch vs. non switch trials: BILINGUALS: Increased activity in the left IFG MONOLINGUALS: Increased activity in the left AAC and right IFG Bilingualism effects on task-switching - fMRI Avila, C., Hernandez, M., Costa, A. et al. submitted

29. Increased activation in the right IFG in monolinguals vs. bilinguals (red cluster) Between Group comparison  Which areas are more involved in Task-switching for one group compared to the other ? Increased activation in the left IFG in bilinguals vs. monolinguals (blue cluster) Avila, C., Hernandez, M., Costa, A. et al. submitted Bilingualism effects on task-switching - fMRI

30. Bilingualism effects on linguistic and non-linguistic task switching Non-linguistic task switching = classification of cards depending on Color and Form Linguistic task switching = production of picture’s name versus production of verbs associated to the pictures Francesca Branzi, Albert Costa, Jubin Abutalebi  Bilinguals outperform Monolinguals in linguistic and non-linguistic task switching ?  Linguistic and non-linguistic switching involve similar/different networks ? Bilingualism effects on task-switching - fMRI

31. Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009) Cognition No effect of bilingualism on the LOW-Monitoring contexts Bilingualism effects on conflict resolution 8% Con50% Con75% Con92% Con 510 560 610 660 710 760 ConInconConInconConInconConIncon RTs (ms) Bilinguals Monolinguals Effect of bilingualism on the HIGH-Monitoring contexts

32. Bilingualism effects on task-switching and conflict resolution Bilingualism, task-switching and conflict resolution Violeta Pina, Albert Costa, Carlos Funtes Bilingualism advantage in Task-switching (Hernandez et al., sub. in Cognition) … but advantage only on the restart cost Bilingualism advantage in Conflict resolution (Costa et al., 2008; 2009) … but advantage only in high monitoring context Magnitude of the Costs (ms) Local CostRestart Cost 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Bilinguals Monolinguals *

33. Bilingualism, task-switching and conflict resolution Violeta Pina, Albert Costa, Luis Funtes - Task including task-switching and conflict resolution If bilingualism advantage = monitoring process (cf. Costa et al., 2009; Hernández et al., in press)  We should observe a larger bilingualism advantage in this task with higher monitoring process demands Bilingualism effects on task-switching and conflict resolution

34. Bilingualism effects on executive control “Neural basis of language and set-shifting in bilinguals“ Bilingualism and Task-switching – fMRI Ávila, C., Hernandez, M., Costa, A. et al. submitted Bilingualism and Conflict resolution – fMRI Branzi, F., Abutalebi, J., Costa, A. Bilingualism, Task-switching and Conflict resolution Pina, V., Fuentes, L., Costa, A.

35. Bilingualism, memory and language Project on implicit and explicit learning in young adults  Implicit learning of dot pattern influenced by bilingualism ?  Explicit learning of a new language influenced by bilingualism ?

36. Bilingualism, memory and language Project on memory of language in bilinguals Investigation of memory of words in different languages and different colors in bilingual speakers  Memory of words is language-dependant in bilinguals ?