1. OPMA 5364 Project Management Part 1 Projects and Project Goals

2. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals2 Topic Outline: Projects and Project Goals Why organize an activity or job as a project Project goals and performance tradeoffs Examples of projects and goals Project life cycles How are projects selected Organizational structures and projects Project selection exercise

3. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals3 What are Projects? A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result (PMI-PMBOK) Specific, timely, usually multidisciplinary, and always conflict ridden (Mantel et al.) Series of activities or tasks, specific objectives, defined start and end dates, funding limits, consumes resources, multifunctional (Kerzner)

4. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals4 Why Projects? Why organize an activity or job as a project? It allows you to better structure and organize the tasks that need to be performed Well developed approaches and tools are available for managing projects Easy-to-use software is available for scheduling and budgeting projects Experience has shown that the work/job can be done faster, cheaper, and better when managed as a project

5. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals5 Project Performance Goals Outcomes/Quality (deliverables and quality) –exactly what needs to be accomplished at what quality level Time –doing it quickly or on schedule Cost –doing it cheaply or on budget Unfortunately, tradeoffs among these goals exist

6. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals6 Project Goal Tradeoffs

7. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals7 Project Performance Goals Which goal is more important: time, cost, or outcomes? Who decides which goal is more important? Why is it important for the Project Manager (PM) to know which goal is more important?

8. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals8 Examples of Projects and Goals What are examples of non-project activities? What are some examples of projects you’ve worked on? –What were the desired deliverables/outcomes? –What was the project time frame? –What was the biggest challenge during the project? –Which goals were more important? –Were all goals fully met?

9. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals9 Project Life Cycles The pace of project progress throughout the project There are many patterns that project life cycles can follow, but the following chart depicts a fairly common pattern: –slow start –quick momentum –slow finish

10. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals10 A Common Project Life Cycle Time 0 100 Slow start Quick momentum Slow finish % Project completion

11. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals11 A Common Project Life Cycle Slow Start –manager is selected –team is assembled –initial resources are allocated –work program is organized Quick Momentum –work progresses –momentum builds Slow Finish –many loose ends to tie up

12. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals12 A Different Project Life Cycle Time 0 100 % Project completion

13. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals13 Resources & Project Life Cycle Start Time Finish Resources ConceptPlanning Execution Wrap-up Required Resources

14. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals14 Implications of Project Life Cycles Project life cycle shape will affect the timing of resource and funding needs Understanding the general project life cycle may help the stakeholders better understand and accept the current status of the project Understanding the general project life cycle may also help the PM make better goal tradeoff decisions at particular times during the project

15. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals15 Selecting Projects Who decides which projects will be undertaken by an organization? What are some examples of criteria that might be used in selecting projects? Why should the PM be made aware of why a project was selected?

16. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals16 Some Nonnumeric Selection Methods Sacred Cow (president’s pet project) –Do you want to keep your job? –Examples Operating/Competitive Necessity –You must do this project to stay in business –Examples Comparative Benefits –Examine +/- of each potential project –Examples

17. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals17 Factor Scoring Method Example: 3 projects; 4 factors; 1-5 scale (5=best) Factor ProjectA ProjectB ProjectC Cost 2 4 3 Risk 4 3 1 Suitable 4 2 5 Skills 2 2 5 Total Score: 12 11 14

18. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals18 Weighted Factor Scoring Method Example: 3 projects; 4 factors; 1-5 scale (5=best) Factor Wt. ProjectA ProjectB ProjectC Cost.4 2 4 3 Risk.3 4 3 1 Suitable.1 4 2 5 Skills.2 2 2 5 Wtd. Score: 2.83.13.0

19. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals19 Some Numeric Selection Methods Common Financial Assessment Methods –Payback Period Simple to use and easy to understand Ignores returns beyond payback period and time value of money –Discounted Cash Flow (NPV) Considers time value of money and all returns Favors short-term projects Ignores all non-monetary factors except risk

20. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals20 Payback Period Example Expected project costs are $700,000 Expected returns are $200,000 per year Payback period = 700,000 ÷ 200,000 = 3.5 years Revenues would cover investment costs in 3.5 yrs.

21. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals21 Discounted Cash Flow Net Present Value where I 0 = initial cash investment F t = net cash inflow in period t k = required rate of return or hurdle rate

22. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals22 Discounted Cash Flow Initial cost = $700,000; 4-year annual cash flow = $200,000; required rate of return = 15% NPV = -700,000 + 200,000/(1.15) 1 + 200,000/(1.15) 2 + 200,000/(1.15) 3 + 200,000/(1.15) 4 NPV = -700,000 + 173,913 + 151,229 + 131,503 + 114,351 NPV = $-129,004 Should they do this project?

23. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals23 Mix of Projects The mix of projects undertaken should support the firm’s corporate strategy. Derivative projects—small improvements Platform projects—develop new line of products using existing technology Breakthrough projects—new generation of products using new technology R&D projects—develop new knowledge

24. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals24 Organizational Structures Organizational structure describes the management reporting relationships in the org. Organization charts show these relationships. How do projects fit within an organization? Traditional functional organization Functional project organization Pure project organization Matrix project organization

25. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals25 Traditional Functional Organization Company President Marketing Vice President Customer Service Manager Domestic Sales Manager International Sales Manager Engineering Vice President Systems Engineering Manager Electronics Engineering Manager Software Engineering Manager Mechanical Engineering Manager Technical Documentation Manager Human Resources Vice President Finance & Administration Vice President Manufacturing Vice President Fabrication Manager Assembly Manager Testing Manager Production Scheduling Manager Shipping Manager Procurement Vice President Purchasing Manager Receiving & Inspection Manager

26. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals26 Functional Project Organization Project organized and controlled within a functional unit or department Usually for smaller projects with a narrower focus What are the advantages of this structure? What are the disadvantages?

27. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals27 Functional Project Organization Company President Marketing Vice President Customer Service Manager Domestic Sales Manager International Sales Manager Engineering Vice President Systems Engineering Manager Electronics Engineering Manager Software Engineering Manager Engineering Project A Engineering Project B Human Resources Vice President Finance & Administration Vice President Manufacturing Vice President Fabrication Manager Assembly Manager Testing Manager Shipping Manager Manufacturing Project 1 Procurement Vice President Purchasing Manager Receiving & Inspection Manager

28. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals28 Pure Project Organization Each project is organized as a separate division reporting to senior management Effective for large projects, not small. Why? Each project owns its resources/personnel Each project may not have much depth of technical expertise, but it should have breadth

29. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals29 Pure Project Organization Company President Project A Project Manager Engineering Manager Manufacturing Manager Procurement Manager Consultants Project B Project Manager Engineering Manager Manufacturing Manager Procurement Manager Subcontractors Marketing Vice President Human Resources Vice President Finance & Administration Vice President Legal Vice President

30. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals30 Matrix Project Organization Most common organizational structure Has many advantages of functional project and pure project structures Project team members have two bosses Team members may be assigned part-time to project and may have less loyalty to the project

31. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals31 3 1 0 1 1/2 4 1/2 1/4 3 4 1 1/2 1/2 1/4 1 Matrix Project Organization

32. Part 1 - Projects & Project Goals32 Project Selection Exercise Quality Fleet Ads case Divide into small groups Read case (5 min.) Assignment: (25 min.) –Discuss the advantages of each project –Discuss the cost and budget implications –Rank the projects from most important to least –Which set of projects do you recommend? –What is your proposed budget?