1. 1414 CHAPTER PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES

2. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-2 Competencies Describe the six steps of programming Discuss design tools Describe program testing Describe CASE tools & object-oriented software development Explain the five generations of programming languages

3. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-3 What Is a Program? A problem-solving procedure A list of instructions Prewritten Custom-written Application software System software

4. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-4 What is Programming? Programming is software development Six step procedure 1. Program specification 2. Program design 3. Program code 4. Program test 5. Program documentation 6. Program maintenance

5. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-5 Step 1 Program Specifications

6. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-6 Input and Output Plans

7. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-7 Step 2 Program Design Plan a solution Use structured programming techniques Top-down program design Pseudocode Flowcharts Logic structures

8. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-8 Top-Down Program Design

9. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-9 Pseudocode An outline of the logic for your program A summary of the program

10. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-10 Flowchart Symbols

11. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-11 Logic Structures Sequence structure Selection structure Loop structure

12. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-12 Step 3 Program Code Coding The good program Reliable Well documented Understandable to other programmers Structured programs best method

13. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-13 Step 4 Program Test Debugging Testing Eliminating errors Syntax errors Logic errors Testing processing

14. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-14 Step 5 Documentation Written descriptions and procedures about a program Important for people who will use the program Users Operators Programmers

15. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-15 Step 6 Program Maintenance 75% of total lifetime cost Error-free operations Effective program Two categories Operations Changing needs

16. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-16 CASE Tools Computer-aided software engineering Automate development process Designing Coding Testing activities

17. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-17 Object-Oriented Software Development Focuses less on procedures, more on relationship between objects OOP: Object-oriented programming Object contains both the data and the processing operations

18. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-18 Generations of Programming Languages Occurring in “generations” Levels Machine languages to natural languages Lower level closer to machine language Higher level closer to human-like language

19. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-19 Generations of Languages 1 st -- Machine languages 2 nd -- Assembly languages 3 rd -- High level procedural languages 4 th -- Problem-Oriented Languages 5 th -- Natural Languages & Visual programming

20. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-20 A Look to the Future MI-Tech Synapse Solutions has created a system called MI-tech Understands word order and meaning Computer translates "wish list" into machine language

21. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-21 Key Terms application generator (406) assembly language (405) beta testing (400) code (396) coding (396) compiler (405) computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools (403) debugging (399) desk checking (399) documentation (400) DO UNTIL structure (394) DO WHILE structure (394)

22. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-22 Key Terms fifth generation language (5GL) (407) formatting language (396) fourth generation language (4GL) (406) generation (404) higher level (404) IFPS (interactive financial planning system) (406) IF-THEN-ELSE structure (393) interpreter (406) level (404) logic error (399) logic structure (393)

23. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-23 Key Terms loop structure (393) lower level (404) machine language (405) maintenance programmer (402) module (392) natural language (407) object (404) object code (405) objectives (390) object-oriented programming (OOP) (404) object-oriented software development (404) operator (401) portable language (405) presentation language (396)

24. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-24 Key Terms problem-oriented language (406) procedural language (405) program (388) program analysis (389) program coder (406) program definition (389) program design (391) program documentation (400) program flowchart (393) program maintenance (402) programmer (389) programming (388) programming language (396)

25. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-25 Key Terms program module (392) program specification (389) pseudocode (393) query language (406) selection structure (393) sequence structure (393) software development (388) software engineer (389) source code (405) structured program (396) structured programming techniques (391) syntax error (399) third generation language (3GL) (405)

26. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-26 Key Terms top-down program design (392) user (401) very high level language (406) visual programming language (407)

27. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-27 FAQs What is a program? What is a software engineer? What is the purpose of pseudocode? What are the qualities of a good program? What is the job of a maintenance programmer? Why is it important? What are CASE tools? What is object-oriented programming?

28. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-28 Discussion Questions Discuss the six steps to create a program. Describe the differences between formatting and programming languages. Give examples of each. Explain the debugging process for a program. Why is program documentation important? Review the five generation levels of programming languages.