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Media, Communications and the Internet The Regulatory Framework by John Corker
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Who is regulated? ► Owners and controllers of media and communications organisations Print Media Broadcasters Telecommunication carriers Telecommunication service providers Internet service providers Internet content hosts ► Creators and Producers of Content ► Individual end-users
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Traditional rationales for regulation ► Broadcasting’s role of disseminating news and information ► Community Standards On availability and labelling of content Acceptable social behaviour ► Competition Policy for access to telecommunications services ► Scarcity of radiofrequency spectrum ► Setting standards for consumer protection ► Desire to maintain a diversity of views and opinions ► Protection of Intellectual Property ► Restrictions on Free Speech ► Protection of Privacy
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 What is regulated? ► Media Content Prohibitions Labelling Guidelines Ethics ► Carriage Who can carry/broadcast/transmit Access to telecommunications infrastructure and services ► Consumer Protection Minimum standards for equipment Service provider behaviour
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Methods of regulation ► Direct regulation (laws, regulators, regulations, standards, licences with conditions) ► Co-regulation (codes of practice which could be approved/endorsed by government or regulator ► Self Regulation (codes of practice endorsed by industry) ► Through economic and technological means
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Challenges to regulation ► Changes in Technology Growth of personal computers and clever software Better cheaper production equipment Optic fibre, satellites, other broadband infrastructure Digitisation of content and digital transmission New mobile devices ► Growth of use of the Internet ► Liberalisation of telco markets ► Infrastructure monopolies ► Changes in the method of delivery ► Growth of niche media ► Interactivity of media ► The ease of publication and distribution by individuals (DIY media)
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Some key regulatory concepts ►O►O►O►One to many (broadcasting) ►O►O►O►One to one (voice telephony) ►P►P►P►Public space/Private space ►C►C►C►Connectivity ►C►C►C►Convergence ►T►T►T►The Public Interest ►D►D►D►Degree of Influence ►C►C►C►Creator’s Rights v Fair Use of Ideas
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Some Regulators ► ‘State’ regulators Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) Federal Privacy Commissioner The Classification Board ► Industry regulators (required by law) Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman (TIO) ► Industry self regulators Australian Press Council Internet Industry Association (IIA) Communications Alliance Ltd Australian Association of National Advertisers (AANA) Free TV Australia auDA
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Examples of Direct Regulation ► Industry Regulation The Commonwealth has power to make laws with respect to postal, telegraphic, telephonic and “other like services”. under s51(v) of the Australian Constitution 1901. Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Cth) Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth) Radiocommunications Act 1992 (Cth) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Secondary regulation – e.g. ‘cash for comment’ licence conditions on radio 2UE and standards which applies to all commercial radio broadcasters
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Direct Regulation (cont) ► Classification of publications Offensive publications Sedition and racial vilification ► Copyright laws (civil law) ► Defamation laws (civil law) ► Contempt of Court (criminal law) ► Tobacco Advertising (civil penalties)
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Examples of co-regulation (with ACMA) ► Commercial television code of practice ► Commercial radio code of practice ► Australian Communications Industry Forum consumer codes/billing code ► IIA Content Code of Practice ► IIA Interactive Gambling Code ► IIA Spam Code
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Examples of Self Regulation ► AANA Code of ethics includes a code for advertising for children ► MEAA Code of ethics for journalists ► Advertising Standards Board hears complaints about advertisements ► Australian Record Industry Association governs a code of practice for explicit lyrics ► Alcoholic beverages code
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LAWS 2222 - January 2009 Summary ►D►D►D►Diverse and rapidly changing industries. ►R►R►R►Rationales for traditional approach to regulation are breaking down in a converging environment ►T►T►T►Think of “regulatory networks” that apply to specific media and communications activities, rather than just laws. ►F►F►F►Four major regulatory approaches CCCCivil law rights and remedies SSSState regulation CCCCo-Regulation SSSSelf` regulation
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