1. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 1 The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) John N. Galayda, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center 15 October 2002 What will it do The Project Research User Program What will it do The Project Research User Program

2. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 2 What Will It Do The world’s first hard x-ray laser Unprecedented brightness, Unprecedented time resolution 0.8 – 8 keV SASE Free Electron Laser Electron beam 4.5 – 14.35 GeV, from SLAC Linac Peak power in SASE bandwidth 8 GW Peak brightness 10 33 photons/(mm 2 mr 2 0.1%BW) Pulse duration  230 femtoseconds Pulse repetition rate 120 Hz The world’s first hard x-ray laser Unprecedented brightness, Unprecedented time resolution 0.8 – 8 keV SASE Free Electron Laser Electron beam 4.5 – 14.35 GeV, from SLAC Linac Peak power in SASE bandwidth 8 GW Peak brightness 10 33 photons/(mm 2 mr 2 0.1%BW) Pulse duration  230 femtoseconds Pulse repetition rate 120 Hz

3. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 3

4. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 4 Femtochemistry Nanoscale Dynamics in Condensed matter Atomic Physics Plasma and Warm Dense Matter Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules FEL Science/Technology Program developed by international team of ~45 scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities Aluminum plasma 10 -4 -2 1 2 4 classical plasma dense plasma high density matter G=1 Density (g/cm -3 ) G =10 G =100 t=0 t=  “the beginning.... not the end”

5. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 5 Lasers probe charge dynamics Electron Diffraction limited to ps range LCLS will probe 200 10 fs range Chemical dynamics happens in fs - ps range H 2 O  OH + H about 10 fs time depends on mass CH 2 I 2  CH 2 I + I about 100 fs Femtochemistry Requirements:High peak brightness 230 fsec or shorter pulse 0.8 - 8 keV x-rays Synchronization to laser

6. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 6 Nanoscale Dynamics in Condensed matter t=0 t=  In picoseconds - milliseconds range sample splitter variable delay Analyze contrast as f(delay time) Requirements:Maximum transverse coherence 230 fsec pulse <8-24 keV x-rays (3 rd harmonic) Fast Array detectors

7. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 7 Formation of Hollow Atoms: h  900eV  Auger =2.5fs Multiphoton Ionization: h h Giant Coulomb explosions of Xe clusters 10 9 atoms h  950eV  Auger =0.1fs 3p (M 3 ) Xe Understanding is central to the imaging of biomolecules Atomic Physics Requirements:High peak brightness 230 fsec pulse <1 keV x-rays Synchronization to fast detectors

8. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 8 Creating Warm Dense Matter Generate ≤10 eV solid density matter Measure the fundamental nature of the matter via equation of state Probing resonances in HDM Measure kinetics process, redistribution rates, kinetic models All time scales Plasma Physics and Warm Dense Matter Requirements:High peak power for plasma creation 230 fsec pulse or less <8 keV x-rays Synchronization to external laser

9. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 9 Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules Requirements:High peak brightness High photon density 230 fs or shorter pulses Fast array detectors

10. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 10.0 Å<2.0 Å2.4 Å Larger protein assemblies and viruses look promising Calculated Limits of Resolution with R electronic = 15 % Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules

11. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 11 52 m 43 m eeee 30 m Si monochromator (T = 40%) 230 fs10 fs Electron pulse compression X-ray pulse compression Preservation of time structure Coherence preservation X-ray FEL diagnostics Pump/probe synchronization Two-Stage Chirped-Beam SASE-FEL for High Power Femtosecond X-Ray Pulse Generation C. Schroeder*, J. Arthur^, P. Emma^, S. Reiche*, and C. Pellegrini* ^ Stanford Linear Accelerator Center *UCLA FEL Physics and Technology X-ray FEL Physics

12. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 12 Estimated Cost, Schedule $200M-$240M Total Estimated Cost range $245M-$295M Total Project Cost range Schedule: FY2003 Authorization to begin engineering design Emphasis on injector and undulator FY2005 Long-lead purchases for injector, undulator FY2006 Construction begins January 2007 Injector tests begin October 2007 FEL tests begin September 2008 Construction complete $200M-$240M Total Estimated Cost range $245M-$295M Total Project Cost range Schedule: FY2003 Authorization to begin engineering design Emphasis on injector and undulator FY2005 Long-lead purchases for injector, undulator FY2006 Construction begins January 2007 Injector tests begin October 2007 FEL tests begin September 2008 Construction complete

13. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 13 20022003200420052006FY2008FY2009 Preliminary Schedule Construction Operation Design FY2001FY2002FY2003FY2004FY2005FY2006FY2007 CD-1 CD-2a CD-2b CD-3a CD-3b Critical Decision 0 – Mission NeedJune 13, 2001 Critical Decision 1 – Preliminary Baseline Range September 2002 Start Project Engineering DesignOctober 2002 Critical Decision 2a – Long-Lead Procurement BudgetSpring 2003 Critical Decision 2b – Performance BaselineApril 2004 Critical Decision 3a – Start Long-Lead ProcurementsAugust 2004 Fund Long-Lead ProcurementsOctober 2004 Critical Decision 3b – Start ConstructionAugust 2005 Fund ConstructionOctober 2005 Construction Complete End of FY2008 CD-0

14. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 14 LCLS PED/Project Organization UCLA LLNL LCLS builds on SLAC, ANL, LLNL experience: PEP-II and APS Projects

15. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 15 LCLS Builds on SLAC Core Competencies Gun R&D BNL/SLAC/UCLA Gun has been proven as an FEL driver at BNL-ATF and ANL Basis of KEK, Frascati FEL designs Design verification at the SSRL Gun Test Facility Limborg, C. et al., “PARMELA versus Measurements for GTF and DUVFEL” Proceedings of the 2002 European Particle Accelerator Conference, Paris 3-7 June 2002, pp. 1786-1788 -1.5-0.500.5 1 0 50 100 150 Time (ps) Peak Current (A) Instantaneous Peak Current 510 0 1 2 Slice Emittances  n (mm mrad) Slice number 300p C head tail Spectrometer Image of Slice Quad Scan Data

16. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 16 LCLS Builds on SLAC Core Competencies Definitive work in Coherent Synchrotron Radiation theory, modeling (After BC1) Theory (wig OFF) Theory (wig ON) Tracking (wig OFF) Tracking (wig ON)  R e–e– zzzz coherent radiation for  z overtaking length: L 0  (24  z R 2 ) 1/3 L0L0L0L0 Z. Huang, et al. PRSTAB 5, 074401 (2002) S. Heifets, et al. SLAC-PUB-9165, 3/2002 P. Emma,2002 European Part. Accel. Conf.

17. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 17 LCLS Builds on SLAC and UCLA Core Competencies Definitive work in wake field effects- Bunch Length Control IMPEDANCE OF A RECTANGULAR BEAM TUBE WITH SMALL CORRUGATIONS. K.L.F. Bane, G. Stupakov (SLAC). SLAC-PUB-9503, Sep 2002. 18pp. Submitted to Phys.Rev.ST Accel.Beams EM Fields created in the wake of electron bunch Energy loss of electrons versus position in bunch Pulse length Control in an X-ray FEL By Using Wake Fields S. Reiche, P. Emma, C. Pellegrini To be published in the proceedings of the joint ICFA Advanced Accelerator And Beam Dynamics Workshop, Chia Laguna Sardinia, 4-6 July 2002 4 fs power spike produced By current spike, wake field

18. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 18 LCLS Builds on LLNL Core Competencies LLNL tests of damage to silicon crystal Exposure to high- power laser with similar energy deposition Threshold for melting 0.16 J/cm 2, as predicted in model Fabrication/test of refractive Fresnel lens Machined with a diamond point

19. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 19 LCLS Builds on ANL Core Competencies Horizontal Trajectory Microns LCLS Undulator Prototype

20. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 20 SLAC Building New Core Competencies 9 ps 0.4 ps <100 fs 50 ps SLAC Linac 1 GeV 20-50 GeV FFTB 12-meter chicane compressor 5-meter undulator Ultrafast laser/x-ray physics - the Sub-Picosecond Photon Source The SPPS collaboration will develop experimental techniques essential to LCLS science Synchronization Short pulse diagnostics for x-ray beams Control of timing and pulse length

21. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 21 Workshop – Experimental Opportunities with LCLS – 8-9 October 2002 The LCLS Project is in its initial phase with a construction start scheduled for FY 2006. The DOE is planning to provide specific funding for construction of experiments after Critical Decision 3 (start of LCLS construction) has been taken, expected in mid 2005 calendar year. However, DOE will, starting in FY2003, review and fund proposals for research needed to design an LCLS experiment. The purpose of this Planning Workshop is to provide prospective LCLS researchers with the information necessary to start the experiment planning process. It will also mark the beginning of a dialog between future LCLS experimenters and the Project Team that will shape the development of the LCLS from conceptual design to running facility. 30 Attendees, including “first Experiments” co-authors 30 Attendees, including “first Experiments” co-authors Presented Proposal/Review Sequence Presented Proposal/Review Sequence LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by Roger Falcone, UCB LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by Roger Falcone, UCB Identification of R&D needs prerequisite to proposals Identification of R&D needs prerequisite to proposals  Timing and related diagnostics  Detectors  Damage studies The LCLS Project is in its initial phase with a construction start scheduled for FY 2006. The DOE is planning to provide specific funding for construction of experiments after Critical Decision 3 (start of LCLS construction) has been taken, expected in mid 2005 calendar year. However, DOE will, starting in FY2003, review and fund proposals for research needed to design an LCLS experiment. The purpose of this Planning Workshop is to provide prospective LCLS researchers with the information necessary to start the experiment planning process. It will also mark the beginning of a dialog between future LCLS experimenters and the Project Team that will shape the development of the LCLS from conceptual design to running facility. 30 Attendees, including “first Experiments” co-authors 30 Attendees, including “first Experiments” co-authors Presented Proposal/Review Sequence Presented Proposal/Review Sequence LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by Roger Falcone, UCB LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by Roger Falcone, UCB Identification of R&D needs prerequisite to proposals Identification of R&D needs prerequisite to proposals  Timing and related diagnostics  Detectors  Damage studies

22. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 22 LCLS Science Program based on the SSRL Model Experiment Proposals will be developed by leading research teams with SSRL involvement Proposals will be reviewed by the LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee Research teams secure outside funding with SSRL participation and sponsorship as appropriate SSRL will manage construction Provides cost and schedule control, rationalized design Provides basis for establishing maintenance and support infrastructure SSRL will partner with research teams to commission endstations Transit from commissioning to general user operations with deliberate speed “General user” mode with beam time allocation based on SAC recommendations Experiment Proposals will be developed by leading research teams with SSRL involvement Proposals will be reviewed by the LCLS Scientific Advisory Committee Research teams secure outside funding with SSRL participation and sponsorship as appropriate SSRL will manage construction Provides cost and schedule control, rationalized design Provides basis for establishing maintenance and support infrastructure SSRL will partner with research teams to commission endstations Transit from commissioning to general user operations with deliberate speed “General user” mode with beam time allocation based on SAC recommendations

23. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 23 Experiment Requirements – Repetition Rate Rate limits Pump/probe with low-power laser – 1-10 KHz Pump/probe with high-power laser – 10 Hz Insert new sample – 0.1-100 Hz Read out imaging data ~10 MB/shot, -> 1 GB/sec @ 120 Hz 9 TB/day! Imaging detectors matched to LCLS don’t exist today – too slow Ideal bunch structure for ultrafast physics with an FEL Uniform spacing 10-1,000 Hz, consistent with limitations above Rate limits Pump/probe with low-power laser – 1-10 KHz Pump/probe with high-power laser – 10 Hz Insert new sample – 0.1-100 Hz Read out imaging data ~10 MB/shot, -> 1 GB/sec @ 120 Hz 9 TB/day! Imaging detectors matched to LCLS don’t exist today – too slow Ideal bunch structure for ultrafast physics with an FEL Uniform spacing 10-1,000 Hz, consistent with limitations above

24. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 24 LCLS Now – 120 Hz, 1 bunch per shot to one endstation Future – up to 100 bunches per shot, 120 Hz Fan out to multiple endstations, 120 Hz 1-100 bunches/shot at one endstation SLAC linac was designed for 360 Hz operation Now – 120 Hz, 1 bunch per shot to one endstation Future – up to 100 bunches per shot, 120 Hz Fan out to multiple endstations, 120 Hz 1-100 bunches/shot at one endstation SLAC linac was designed for 360 Hz operation

25. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 25 TESLA Pulse Structure optimized for Collider Up to 11,000 bunches per power pulse in 1 msec 5-10 power pulses per second TDR: 1.25 Hz at each undulator 1 msec light, 799 msec darkness CW operation of SC linac Not in TESLA-XFEL plan Part of BESSY design Higher initial cost (15 MV/m or less) Initial cost (+ space limitations at BESSY) vs cryocooling bill CW gun must be developed Up to 11,000 bunches per power pulse in 1 msec 5-10 power pulses per second TDR: 1.25 Hz at each undulator 1 msec light, 799 msec darkness CW operation of SC linac Not in TESLA-XFEL plan Part of BESSY design Higher initial cost (15 MV/m or less) Initial cost (+ space limitations at BESSY) vs cryocooling bill CW gun must be developed

26. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 26 Conclusion LCLS poised to start Project Engineering Design PED for FY2003 - Preliminary design of undulator, injector – CD-2A LCLS Collaboration well-matched to LCLS challenges Accelerator science and technology Synchrotron radiation research and instrumentation Project management experience Experiment Program Planning underway, based on successful SSRL model LCLS pre-proposal R&D requests starting FY2003 Proposals for LCLS science in FY2006-FY2006 LCLS poised to start Project Engineering Design PED for FY2003 - Preliminary design of undulator, injector – CD-2A LCLS Collaboration well-matched to LCLS challenges Accelerator science and technology Synchrotron radiation research and instrumentation Project management experience Experiment Program Planning underway, based on successful SSRL model LCLS pre-proposal R&D requests starting FY2003 Proposals for LCLS science in FY2006-FY2006

27. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 27 SCRF vs. Copper for an FEL SCRF: Reduced wake field for long, high-charge bunches is an HEP trade-off SCRF has no advantage over Cu in achieving FEL goals of Peak brightness Short pulse (Wake fields of Cu are employed for bunch compression) Copper Higher transverse wake trade-off against higher gradient at low energy FEL bunch length is short FEL bunch charge is lower than collider requirements Transverse wakes not an issue above 250 MeV Italy, Japan choosing copper linac for green-field FELs At least 30% cost savings compared to SCRF SCRF: Reduced wake field for long, high-charge bunches is an HEP trade-off SCRF has no advantage over Cu in achieving FEL goals of Peak brightness Short pulse (Wake fields of Cu are employed for bunch compression) Copper Higher transverse wake trade-off against higher gradient at low energy FEL bunch length is short FEL bunch charge is lower than collider requirements Transverse wakes not an issue above 250 MeV Italy, Japan choosing copper linac for green-field FELs At least 30% cost savings compared to SCRF

28. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 28 End of Presentation

29. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 29 Peak and time averaged brightness of the LCLS and other facilities operating or under construction Performance Characteristics LEUTL TTF FEL LCLS Spontaneous DESY XFEL LCLS TESLA

30. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 30 Linac Coherent Light Source 1992: Proposal (C. Pellegrini) 1998: Preliminary Design Study Completed 1999: R&D funded at $1.5M/year 2001: CD-0 2002: Conceptual Design http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/CDR/ 2003: Project Engineering Design begins 2005: Long-Lead Procurements begin 2006: Construction begins 2007: First Light 2008: Project completion SLAC Linac Two Chicanes for bunch compression FFTB Tunnel Undulator Hall

31. The Linac Coherent Light Source Galayda@slac.stanford.edu Linac Coherent Light Source Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC On-site Review 15 October 2002 John N. Galayda, SLAC 31 Conventional Construction Final Focus Test Beam Extension Hall A Tunnel Hall B Final Focus Test Beam Extension Hall A Tunnel Hall B